Honey Bibliography A-Z

HONEY BIBLIOGRAPHY (A-Z)

*** La BIBLE, livre de “l’Exode”, chapitre 3, versets 7 et 8.

*** GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC. LAWS and STATUTES (1927-1930) – Verordnung über Honig vom 21 März 1930 (R.G.Bl. I, 101).

*** BEE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (1963) – Selected list of publications on uses of honey.
Bibliogr. Bee Res. Ass. # 1, 7 pp.

*** BEE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (1964) – Selected list of publications on the composition and properties of honey. Bibliogr. Bee Res. Ass. # 5, 8 pp. 647L/64.

*** (1965) – Le miel dans l’alimentation de l’allaité,
in Rev. Esp. Pediatr. 21 (123), pp.333-340.

*** CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISION (1969) – Recommended European Regional Standard for Honey. CACIRS 12-1969. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Roma, Italy, 24 pp. 507L / 72

*** Australian Honey Board (1973) – The Australian honey recipe book.
Sydney: Australian Honey Board, pp. 40.

*** (1976, 1980, 1981, 1989) (Romania) – Apitherapy today. On the composition and utilisation of bee products and preparations in nutrition and therapeutics with regard to their biological value.
Apimondia Publishing House, Bucharest, Romania.
English edition, 1976, 107 pp. (***);
French edition, 1976, 105 pp (***);
German edition, 1980, 103 pp. (***);
Romanian second edition, 1981;
Romanian third edition, 1989, 103 pp. (***).

*** Center for Disease Control (1978) (USA) – Follow-up on infant botulism -United States, California,
in Morbid Mortal Weekly Report 27, pp.17-18, 23 (***-abstract). [i]

*** Center for Disease Control (1978) (USA) – Honey exposure and infant botulism,
in Morbid Mortal Weekly Report 27, pp.249-250, 255 (***-abstract).[ii]

*** Revue Française d’Apiculture (1981) (France) – Apitherapie.
Revue Française d’Apiculture, 399, supplement, 104 pages.

*** SOUSTRA HOSPITAL ARCHAEOETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT (1986) – Sharp. Practice 1. The first report on researches into the medieval hospital of Soustra, Lothian region.
Sharp. Edinburgh. 130 pp. 657/89.

*** CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISION (1988) Codex committee on general practices – ninth session – agenda item 6. CX/GP 8917 Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme; Rome, Italy.

*** CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMISSION (II) (1997) – Intrunire internationalã asupra valorizarii mierii,
in Apimondia News Letter, # 4;
in Romania apicolã, # 7, 1997, p.28-31 (Romanian) (***).

*** (1982) (USA) – Hospitals using honey as a fast new antibiotic (Editorial),
in American Bee Journal 122 (4), p.247.

*** (1983) – Honey and infant botulism: second report,
in Bee World 64(4), pp.148-149 (***-abstract).[iii]

*** (1987) – Honey cure,
in Soil and Health (New Zealand) (Winter), p.41.

*** FAO/WHO (1970) – Recommended European Regional Standards for Honey,
in Bee World 51(2), pp.79-91.

*** International Trade Centre (1986) – Honey: a survey of major markets.
IBRA. 167 pp. (International trade information not published elsewhere: product requirements, packaging, storage, transport, sales, market access).

*** Fachbuchverlag Leipzig (1986, 1990) – Honig in der küche. 151 seiten. ISBN 3-343-00664-5. (Titel des Originalausgabe: Mierea in bucatarie.
Verlag: Apimondia, Bucuresti, 1986 (***).

*** Apimondia Publishing House (1988) – World Cooking with Honey. 143 pp. (***).

*** Romanian Institute for Standardisation (1989) – Honey.
STAS # 784/1,2,3-89 (***).

*** IITEA Apimondia (1990) – Some traditional recipes with honey cakes (Romanian),
in Romania apicolã, Oct., p.31-32 (***);
in Romania apicolã, Nov., p.32 (***).

*** Paris Match (1991) (France) – Honey, a more important place in the correct alimentation,
in Romania apicolã, December, p.15-16 (Romanian) (***).

*** (1992 ) – Can the smoke used by beekeepers to deteriorate the honey’s taste and aroma ? (Romanian),
in Romania apicolã, Mai, p.20 (***).

*** (1992) – What is H.M.F. ? (Romanian),
in Romania apicolã, Mai, p.20-21 (***).

*** (1993) (France) – Le miel pour conserver des greffons cutanés,
in Revue Française d’Apiculture, # 528, Avril, p.178 (***).

*** Science News 144 (1993) – Sweet route to heading off colon cancer, p.207.

*** American Health Foundation (1994) (USA) – Honey helps against colon cancer,
in First Magazine;
in Bee Culture;
in Bee sCene, volume 10, # 3, July, p.15 (***-abstract).

*** A.I. Root Co. (1994) (USA) – Selling honey.
IBRA. 46 pp. (Useful nuggets of information).

*** Apitherapy in Romania (1994) (Romanian).
Apimondia Publishing House, Bucharest, Romania, 174 pp. ISBN 973-605-016-5 (***).

*** (1995) (Canada) – Infant Botulism and Honey,
in Bee sCene, vol. 11, # 1, January, p.4 (***).

*** (1997) (Canada) – The Radiant, Youthful Beekeeper,
in Bee sCene, June, # 3, vol. 13, p.17 (reprinted from an old issue of Bee Line) (***).

*** (1997) (Spain) – Como cura la miel.
Editorial Oasis.
ISBN: 84-7901-211-0.

Honey and healing, Ed. Pamela Munn & Richard Jones.
IBRA 2001, 49 pages. ISBN : 0-85092-240-8.

*** (June 2002) (European Commission) – Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures related to Public Health on Honey and Microbiological Hazards

*** Ed. R J White, R A Cooper, P Molan, Sponsored by Advancis Medical – Honey: A Modern Wound Management Product.
ISBN: 0-9549193-0-0.

Accorti,M., Piazza Maria Gioia, Persano Oddo Livia (1983) (Italy) – La conductibilité electrique et les cendres des miels,
in the XXIX-Th. Apimondia Congress, Budapest, Hungary, p. 67 (*** – abstract).

Accorti,M., Persano Oddo Livia, Gioia Piazza Maria et al. (1986) (Italy) – Schede di caractterizzazione delle principali qualita di miele italiano,
in Apicoltura, 2, pp.1-34.

Accorti,M., Piazza Maria Gioia, Persano Oddo Livia (1987) (Italy) – Electric conductivity and ashes content of honey,
in Apiacta, #1, pp.19-20 (***).

Acton,B., Duncan,P. (1965) – Making mead.
Andover, Hants.: Amateur Winemaker, 60 pp.

Adesunkanmi, K.; Oyelami, O. A. (1994) – The pattern and outcome of burn injuries at Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria: a review of 156 cases,
in Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97 (2), pp.108-112.

Brother Adam (1953, 1978) – Mead.
in Bee World 34(8), p.149-56, 1953;
IBRA’s Reprint M12. ISBN 0 86098 055 3. (***).

Adams RT. J., Smith,M.V. (1981) – Seasonal pollen analysis of nectar from the hive and extracted honey,
in Journal of Apicultural Research, 20 (4), pp.243-48.

Aganin, A. V. (1968) (USSR) – Determination des propriétés antibiotiques du miel par la bonne methode (Sensibility of cultures, decreasing: S.pyrogenes aureus 209, S.enteridis Gartneri, B. pseudoanthracis, B. colli communis),
in Trudy Saratov.zootrkh,vet.Inst. 15; pp.301-303.

Agostino Barbaro,A.; La Rosa, C. and Zanelli, C. (1961) (Italy) – Activité antibacterienne des miels de Sicile,
in Quad.Nutr 21(1/2), pp.30-34

Aguar,O., Carvajal,L., Faus,G. (1991) (Spain) – Monofloral honeys. The identification of aromatic compounds through gaseous chromatography,
in Apiacta XXVI, # 3, pp.65-68 (***).

Ahmad,R. (1989) (Pakistan) – Justicia Adhatoda, une plante mellifere medicinale importante au Pakistan,
in the XXXII-Nd. Apimondia Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p.549 (***-abstract).

Ahmad,R. (1989) (Pakistan) – Baiker (Justicia Adhatoda), an important medicinal plant in Pakistan,
in the XXXII-Nd. Apimondia Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p.549 (***-abstract + German and Spanish abstracts).

Akopyan, Z . M. (1972) (USSR-Armenia) – Effet du miel sur l’activité de quelques antibiotiques,
in Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armeni, 25(5); pp.88-90. [iv]

Ali, A. T.; al-Swayeh, O. A.; al-Humayyd, M. S.; Mustafa, A. A.; al-Rashed, R. S.; al-Tuwaijiri, A. S.[v] (Saudi Arabia) (1997) – Natural honey prevents ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal lesions and increased vascular permeability in rats,
in Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol., Nov; 9 (11), pp.1101-1107. [vi]

Al Somai,N., Coley,K.E., Molan,C.Peter, Hancock,B.M. (1994) Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the Antibacterial Activity of Manuka Honey,
in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87 (1), pp.9-12.

al-Swayeh OA, et al. (1998) – Effect of ablation of capsaicin-sensitive neurons on gastric protection by honey and sucralfate,
in Hepatogastroenterology, Jan-Feb;45(19), pp.297-302.

Alcala, A. M. (1977) – Water activity of honey and growth of osmotolerant microorganisms,
in Trabajos Cientificos de la Universidad de Cordoba, Nr. 20, p.1-20.

Alexe Diana (1998) (Romania) – Minunea melifica in biocosmetica moderna (Romanian),
in Romania apicola 3, pp.26-27 (***).

Ali A.F.M., El-Banby,A.Mohamed, Sammour,M.B. (1985) (Egypt) – The effect of pure honey on the hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (Romanian),
in the XXX-Th. Apimondia Congress, Nagoya, Japan, pp.417-420 (***).

Ali,A.F.M., El-Banby,A.Mohamed, Mohamed,Adlia A.W. (1995) (Egypt) – The effect of pure honey on the hypertensive disorders in pregnancy,
in the XXXIV-Th. Apimondia Congress, Lausanne, Switzerland (***).

Ali AT, et al. (1997) – Natural honey prevents ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal lesions and increased vascular permeability in rats,
in Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, Nov;9(11), pp.1101-7.

Alison,F., Narbouton,R. (1959) – Le miel dans la diététique du premier age,
in Diét. et Nutrition (3), p.33-38. 904/63.

Al-Khalidi,A., Jawad,F.H., Tawfiq,N.H. (1980) – Effects of bees honey, zhadi date and its syrup on blood glucose and serum insulin of diabetics,
in Nutrition Reports International 21(5), pp.631-643. 297/82.

Allen,K.L.; Molan,P.C.; Reid,G.M. (1991) (New Zealand) – The variability of the antibacterial activity of honey,
in Apiacta, XXVI, # 4, pp.114-121 (***).

Allen,K.L.; Molan,P.C.; Reid,G.M. (1991) (New Zealand) – A survey of the antibacterial activity of some New Zealand honeys,
in Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 43(12), pp.817-22.

Allen, K. L.; Molan, C. Peter (1997) – The sensitivity of mastitis-causing bacteria to the antibacterial activity of honey,
in New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40, pp.537-540.

Alles,G.K., Alles,T.P. (1965) (USSR) – Miel et santé (Russian). Talinn: Kirjastus “Eesti Raamat”. 103 pp. 330L/66.

Amiot,M.J., Aubert,S., Gonnet,M., Tacchini,M. (1989) (France) – Les composés phénoliques des miels: étude préliminaire sur l’identification et la quantification par familles,
in Apidologie 20(2), p.115.

Ammon,R. (1949) – Der Ursprung der Diastase des Bienenhonigs,
in Biochem. Zeitschr., 319, pp.295-99.

Amor, D. M. (1978) – Composition, properties and uses of honey – a literature survey.
Scientific and Technical Surveys. Leatherhead Food R.A. 108, 84 pp. 1430L/81.

Andrei Constanta (1993) (Romania) – Maximum attention to the quality of accacia honey (Romanian),
in Romania apicolã, May, pp.1-3; 7 (***).

Ankra-Badu, GA. (1992) (Ghana) – Sickle cell leg ulcers in Ghana,
in East Afr Med J; 69(7), pp.366-369.

Anon (1970) – Yeast in honey,
in Revue Française d’Apiculture, 282, pp.453-54.

Aoyagi,S., Oryu,C. (1968) (Japan) – Honeybees and honey. III. Yeasts in honey,
in Tamagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Kenkyu Hokoku (Bull. Fac. Agri. Tamagawa Univ), 7/8, pp.203-213.

Aranda, E.; Rodriguez, M. M.; Asensio, M. A.; Cordoba, J. J.[vii] (1997) (Spain) – Detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F in foods by PCR and DNA Probe,
in Lett Appl Microbiol Sep;25(3), pp.186-190. [viii]

Archenti,A., Dasso,I. (1983) – Composición química de mieles de la provincia de Chubut,
in La Alimentación Latinoamericana, 138, p.11.

Aristotle (350 B.C.) – Historia Animalium (translated by Thompson DÕA W).
in The Works of Aristotle (Smith J A, Ross W D editors) Oxford University Press Oxford 1910 Volume IV.

Armon, P. J. (1980) – The Use of Honey in the Treatment of Infected Wounds,
in Tropical Doctor 10, p.91.

Arnold,G., Delage-Darchen,B. (1978) – Nouvelles données sur l’equipement enzymatique des glandes salivaires de l’ouvriere d’Apis mellifica (Hyménoptere apidé),
in Ann. Sci.Nat., Zoologie 20 (4), p.26.

Arnon, S. Stephen; Midura, F. Thaddeus; Damus, Karla, Thompson, Barbara, Wood, Ronald M. and Chin, James (1979) – Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism,
in The Journal of Pediatrics 94(2), pp.331-336 (***-abstract). [ix]

Arnon, S. Stephen (1980) (USA) – Infant botulism,
in Annual Review of Medicine 31, pp.541-560 (***-abstract). [x]

Arora,D.D., Kual,K.K. (1973) (India) – Feeding practices during the first five years among central Indian communities,
in Indian Journal of Pediatrics 40(305), pp.203-216. 1344L/78.

Asafova N.N. (1978) (USSR) – Chimie et pharmacologie du miel (Russian),
in Farmakol. Toksikol. 41(3), pp.358-369.

Asis, Moises (1988) – Les produits de la ruche: composition et utilisations du miel, de la cire, du pollen, de la gélée royale, de la propolis et du venin d’abeille.
Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuario. Havana. Cuba. 65 pp. 1303L/90.

Astwood, K.; Lee, B. and Manley-Harris, M. (1998) – Oligosaccharides in New Zealand honeydew honey,
in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, pp.4958-4962.

Atallah,M.A., Soliman,M.A., Osman,F. (1983) (Egypt) – Les effets du stockage sur l’arome de quelques miels egyptiens,
in the XXIX-Th. Apimondia Congress, Budapest, Hungary, p.72-73 (***-abstract).

Atallah,M.A., Eldin,M.A.F., Turk,S.A. (1983) (Egypt) – La teneur en acides amines des miels de trefle provenant de deux regions d’Egipte, avant et apres le stockage,
in the XXIX-Th. Apimondia Congress, Budapest, Hungary, p.71 (***-abstract).

Aubert, S. (1976) (France) – Influence de la couleur des aliments et boissons sur leur acceptabilité.
Cah. Nutrition et diététique. XI (I), pp.15-30.

Aubert,S., Gonnet,M. (1983) (France) – Mesure de la couleur des miels,
in Apidologie 14 (2), p.105.

Aubert,S., Gonnet,M. (1986) (France) – Colour grading of honey,
in Apiacta, #4, pp.107-16 (***).

Aureli,P., Ferrini,A.M., Negri,S. (1983) (Italy) – Clostridium botulinum spores in honey,
in Rivista della Soc. Ital. Sci. dell’aliment. 12, pp.457-460.

Austin, G. H. (1958) – Maltose content of Canadian honeys and its probable effects on crystallization,
in the X-Th. International Congress of Entomology, 4, pp.1001-1006.

Auzinger, A. (1910) – Über Fermente im Honig und den Wert ihres Nachweises für die Honigbeurteilung,
in Zeitschrift für Untersuchung Nahrung- und Genussmittel, 17(2), p.65-83 (English translation held in IBRA library, E609).
Weiter Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fermentreaktion des Honigs. Ibid. 17(7), pp.353-362.

Avrãmoiu, S. et al. (1976) (Romania) – Polenul si mierea, sustinatori naturali ai efortului fizic de performantã,
in Apicultura in Romania, 3, p.7.

Bacon,J.S.D., Dickinson,B. (1957) – The origin of melezitose: a biochemical relationship between the lime tree (Tilia sp.) and an aphis (Eucallipteris tiliae L.),
in Biochemistry Journal, 66, pp.289-299.

Bagó,Gy., Szakolczai,J. (1983) (Hungary) – Depistage des produits medicamenteux dans le miel,
in the XXIX-Th. Apimondia Congress, Budapest, Hungary (***-abstract).

Balica,Gh., Dumitru,I., Brasoveanu,L., Predut,J., Potînca,D. (Romania) – New spectrophotometric method of identification of reducing sugars in honey,
in the XXVII-Th. Apimondia Congress, Athens, Greece, pp.481-83 (***). [xi]

Balica Gh., Dumitru I., Brasoveanu I., Predut J., Potinca D. (1979) (Romania) – Une nouvelle methode de dosage spectrophoto-metrique des glucides reducteurs du miel,
in the XXVII-Th. Apimondia Congress, Athens, Greece.

Balslev, T.; Ostergaard, E.; Madsen, I. K.; Wandall, D. A.[xii] (1997) (Denmark) – Infant botulism. The first culture-confirmed Danish case,
in Neuropediatrics, Oct; 28 (5), pp.287-288. [xiii]

Banby,M.A. et al. (1988) (Egypt) – Healing effect of floral honey from sugar-fed bee, on surgical wounds (animal model),
in Proceedings of the 4th International conference on apiculture in tropical climates, Cairo, 1988, IBRA; Cardiff, UK; pp.46-49.

Bansal,R.D., Ghosh,B.N., Bhardwaj,U.D., Joshi,S.C. (1973) – Infant feeding and weaning practices at Simla-Hills, Himachal Pradesh,
in Indian Journal of Medical Research 61(12), p.1869-1875.
1342L/78.

Barbier, Valin,E.J. (1957) (France) – Détérmination de la couleur des miels.
Ann. Falsif. des Fraudes, pp.400-11.

Barisic,D., Bromenshenk,J.J., Hus,M., Kauzlaric,Z., Kezic,N., Kraljevic,P., Lulic,S., Seletkovic,Z., Vertacnik,A. (1997) (Croatia) – Radionuclides and Selected Elements in Soil, Spruce and Fir Branches and in Honey from Gorski Kotar, Croatia,
in the XXXV-Th. Apimondia Congress, Antwerp, Belgium (WORRE 367).

Bartels, W.; Fauth, A. (1933) – Beobachtungen bei der Untersuchung californischer Honige,
in Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Lebensmittel 66, pp.396-407.

Barth, Ortrud Monika (1989) – O Pólen no Mel Brasileiro.
Instituto Osvaldo Cruz Publicação Avulsa. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 151 páginas.

Basson, N. J.; du Toit, I. J.; Grobler, S. R. [xiv](1994) (South Africa) – Antibacterial action of honey on oral streptococci,
in J Dent Assoc S Afr, Jul;49(7), pp.339-341. [xv]

Basson, Nicolaas J., Grobler Sias R. (South Africa) (2008) – Antimicrobial activity of two South African honeys produced from indigenous Leucospermum cordifolium and Erica species on selected micro-organisms,
in Biomed Central Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2008; 8:1472 (***).

Bastos,E.M., Brandão,M., Gastelois,B. (1995) (Brazil) – Le spectre pollinique des miels produits dans l’état de Minas Gerais, Brésil,
in Apiacta XXX, #2, pp.42-45 (***).

Battaglini,M., Bosi,G., Ricciardelli D’Albore,G. (1971) (Italy) –Microscopical and physico-chemical characteristics of some unifloral italian honeys,
in the XXIII-Rd. Apimondia Congress, Moscow, USSR, p.590 (***-abstract).

Bauer, L.; Kohlich, A.; Hirschwehr, R.; Siemann, U.; Ebner, H.; Scheiner,O.; Kraft, D.; Ebner, C. (1996) – Food allergy to honey, pollen or bee products? Characterisation of allergenic proteins in honey by means of immunoblotting,
in Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 97 (1), pp.65-73.

Bänziger Erica (1997) (Switzerland) – Honig. Genuss und Gesundheit aus dem Bienenstock.
Augsburg: Midena Verlag GmbH, ISBN 3-310-00395-7, 125 pp. (***).

Beck, F. Bodog (1938, 1997) – Honey and health.
New York: Robert M. McBride, 272 pp.;
Health Resources Press, Inc. [xvi]. ISBN – 1-890708-02. 246 pp.

Beck F. Bodog; Smedley, D. (1944) (USA) – Honey and Your Health.
New York: McBride, 246 pp.

Becker (1988) – Therapeutique et miel,
in L’ Abeille de France, Mai, p.241-243 ( the properties of mono-flower honey; indications; honey and diabetes, honey and medicinal plants etc.) (***).

Beetsma,Joop (editor) (1992) – Bees and Forest in the Tropics.
IBRA. 141 pp. (much useful discussion of tropical beekeeping and forestry).

Bengsch, E. – Le miel, aliment réparateur,
Fiche edité par l’U.N.A.F. (***).

Bentler, W.; Frese, E. (1981) – Mikrobielle Beschaffenheit und Ruckstandsuntersuchungen von Bienenhonig,
in Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene 32(4), pp.130-135 (***-abstract). [xvii]

Bergman,A., Yanai,J., Weiss,J., Bell,D., Menachem,P.D., David, M.P. (1983) – Acceleration of wound healing by topical application of honey. An animal model,
in The American Journal of Surgery 145, pp.374-376.

Bergner,K.G., Hahn,H. (1972) – Zum Vorkommen und Herkunft der freien Aminosäuren in Honig,
in Apidologie 3(1), pp.5-34.

Bergner,K.G., Diemair,S. (1975) – Proteins des Bienenhonigs. II. Gelchromatographie, enzymatische Aktivität und Herkunft von Bienenhonig-Proteinen,
in Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel Untersuchung und Forschung 157, pp.7-13.

Bernal, J. L.; del Nozal, M. J.; Toribio, L.; Jimenez, J. J.; Atienza, J.[xviii] (1997) (Spain) – High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of benomyl and carbendazim residues in apiarian samples,
in J Chromatogr A, Nov 7; 787 (1-2), pp.129-136. [xix]

Bernardini Battaglini,M., Bosi,G. (1971) (Italy) – Determination of glucides by G.L.C. and its possibilities for honey qualification,
in the XXIII-Rd. Apimondia Congress, Moscow, USSR, p.579-82 (***).

Berto, Hazel (1972) – Cooking with honey.
New York: Crown Publishers, 234 pp.

Bhandari,N.R., Patel,G.P. (1973) – Dietary and feeding habits of infant in various socio-economic groups,
in Indian Pediatrics 10(4), pp.233-238.
1343L/78.

Bharti,Lavinia (1982, 1985) – Solution of Honey-Dextran for the conservation of eye’s cornea (English; Romanian),
in Indian Bee Journal, #1, 1982, p.7-8;
in Apicultura in Romania, February, 1985, pp.31-32 (***).

Bianchi, E. M. (1979) (Argentine) – La miel. Características y Composición.
Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. República Argentina.

Bianchi, E. M. (1981) (Argentine) – Le miel, aliment naturel ideal,
in the XXVIII-Th. Apimondia Congress, Acapulco, Mexico, p.441-43 (***).

Bianchi, E. M. (1983) (Argentine) – Determination des indices d’activité de la glucose-oxydase et de la diastase des miels,
in the XXIX Apimondia Congress, Budapest, Hungary, p.79 (***-abstract).

Bianchi, E. M. (1983) (Argentine) – Determination du poids des echantillons de miel d’apres la teneur en substance seche,
in the XXIX-Th. Apimondia Congress, Budapest, Hungary, p.79 (***-abstract).

Bianchi, E. M (1988) (Argentine) – La miel,
in Albariza, Apr.- June, pp.15-16.

Bianchi, E. M. (1990) (Argentine) – La miel con polen eficaz contra el estres,
in Albariza, 3, p.31.

Bianchi, E. M. (1992) (Argentine) – Consumir miel es salud,
in Albariza, 1, pp.4-5.

Bianchi, E. M. (1992) (Argentine) – Determining the mineral content (ash %) in honey by conductometric analysis,
in Apiacta, XXVII, # 1, pp.19-24 (***).

Bianchi, E. M. (1994) (Argentine) – The Estimation of Diastase in Honey,
in Apiacta XXIX, # 2, pp.46-50 (***).

Bichi, C. et al. (1983) – Identification of the volatile components of some Piedmontese honeys,
in Journal of Apicultural Research, 22 (2), pp.130-36.

Bivolaru, Gregorian et al. (1994) (Romania) – Miniencyclopedy of Romanian Natural Medicine (Romanian),
Ram Publishing House. Bucharest. ISBN 973-96806-3-1 (pages 152-57).

Bloemers, D. (1993) (Netherlands) – Kleine kwalen in de huisartsgeneeskunde; oppervlakkige huidverbranding.” [Minor symptoms in family medicine, superficial skin burns],
in Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskdunde 137 (39), p.1994.

Blomfield, R. (1973) – Honey for Decubitus Ulcers,
in The Journal of the American Medical Association 224 (6), p.905.

Bloomfield, E. (1976) – Old remedies,
in Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 26, p.576.

Boer,H.W. de (1933) – Het verband tusschen de chemische samenstelling en de botanische herkomst van in Nederland gewonnen honig,
in Chemische Weekblad, 30(23), pp.401-08.

Boer,H.E. de (1934) – De invoed van den ouderdom op de samenstelling van honig,
in Chemische Weekblad 31, pp.482-487.

Bogachik,L.I., Vasil’eva N.A., Donich,N.S. (1981) (USSR) – Correction de l’assimilation des carbohydrates de patients atteints d’hepatite virale,
in Vrachebnoe Delo 4, p.121-122. 981/84.

Bogdanov,S. (1984) (Switzerland) – Characterisation of antibacterial substances in honey,
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Serra Bonvehi,J. (1988) (Spain) – Physicochemical properties, composition and pollen spectrum of lavender honeys produced in Spain,
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Serra Bonvehi,J., Pajuelo A. Gomez (1988) (Spain) – Evaluation of honey quality by organoleptical analysis,
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Sethi,P.S., Singh,Baljinder (1996) (India) – The Granulation of Honey. It’s Removal and Control. A review,
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Shulman Martha Rose (1984, 1986) (Germany) – Die Honig & Kräuter Küche.
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Siddiqui, I. R.; Furgala, B. (1968) – Isolation and characterization of oligosaccharides from honey. Part II. Trisaccharides,
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Simonyan, T. A. (1971) – Hygienic assessment of the HMF level in a daily food intake of man (Russian),
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Sing,R.P., Sing,P.N. (1991) (India) – Etude sur la composition biochimique du pollen frais, du pain d’abeilles et du miel de moutarde,
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Sintes Pros, Jorge. (1987) (Spain) – Virtudes curativas de la miel y del polen.
Editorial Sintes.
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Sipos,E. (1969) (Hungary) – Honey-quality and appreciation,
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Siswowijoto,Arno, Yuwono,Edy (1997) (Indonesia) – A brief note on the use of honey of Apis cerana for therapy,
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Sorkun Kadriye, Dogan Cahit (1995) (Turkey) – L’analyse pollinique du miel de Rize-Anzer (Turquie),
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Spãtaru Carmen Lia, Ilie,O., Crãiniceanu,E., Padeanu,I. (1975) (Romania) – Investigations on the physico-chemical, antimicrobial and protistocide characteristics of the honeydew honey as compared to the main flower honey types,
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Spena,A. (1968) (Italy) – Les aliments d’origine animale dans la province de Reggio Calabria (Italian),
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Stamboliu,D. (1965) (Romania) – Preliminary researches regarding the utilisation of some melliferous products in the auxiliary therapeutics of hepatic pathology,
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Stangaciu Stefan (2002) (Romania) – Bee products and their medicinal uses. A Review,
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Stefanini,R. (1984) (Italy) – Variabilidad y análisis estadístico de grupo de las mieles italianas,
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Steinberg, D.; Kaine, G.; Gedalia, I. [lxxxi](1996) (Israel) – Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria,
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Steyn, D. G. (1969) – Honey as a food and in the prevention and treatment of disease.
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Stojko,A., Stojko-Szaflarska E., Ostach,H. (1985) (Polonia) – Quelques produits apicoles (miel et propolis) stimulants des processus biotransformationnels xenobiotiques,
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Stojko,A., Juszko-Jasinska,M., Janecka,K., Pawlikowska-Wolny,B., Uniejewska,B., Wilczok,A. (1987) (Poland) – La stimulation du processus d’adaptation des ouvriers qui travailient les metaux non ferreux aux conditions ecologiques nocives par l’administration du miel standard,
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Stomfay-Stitz,J., Kominos,S.D. (1960) – Über bakteriostatische Wirkung des Honigs,
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Subrahmanyam, M. (1993) (India) – Storage of skin grafts in honey,
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Svensson,Börje (1991) – Bees and trees.
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Sviderskaya Z.I. (1959) – A case of food poisoning from honey,
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Szonyi,J. (1983) (Hungary) – Methode de production du miel en rayons,
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Tan, S. T.; Holland, P. T.; Wilkins, A. L. and Molan, C. Peter (1988) – Extractives from New Zealand honeys. 1. White clover, manuka and kanuka unifloral honeys,
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Tan, S. T.; Wilkins, A. L.; Reid, M. and Molan, C. Peter (1988) – A chemical approach to the characterisation of New Zealand Ling Heather honey,
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Tan, S. T.; Wilkins, A. L.; Holland, P. T. (1989) – Isolation and X-ray crystal structure of a degraded carotenoid constituent of New Zealand thyme honey,
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Tan, S. T.; Wilkins, A. L.; Holland, P. T. and McGhie, T. K. (1989) – Extractives from New Zealand unifloral honeys. 2. Degraded carotenoids and other substances from heather honey,
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Tan, S.T.; Wilkins, A.L.; Holland, P. T. and McGhie, A. (1989) – Extractives from New Zealand Honeys. Part II. Ling-Heather Honey,
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Tan, S. T. (D.Phil.) (1989) (New Zealand) – A chemical investigation of some N.Z. honeys.
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Tan, S. T.; Wilkins, A. L. and Reid, G. M. (1990) – A Chemical Procedure for the Characterization of New Zealand Thyme and Willow Honeys,
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Toth,Gy., Lemberkovics Eva, Kutasi-Szabo Juliana (1987) (Hungary) – The volatile components of some Hungarian honeys and their antimicrobial effects,
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[1] The blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to some simple carbohydrates

(glucose, fructose, lactose) and some complex ones (apples, potatoes, bread,

rice, carrots and honey) were studied in 32 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)

diabetic patients. Blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured at zero time

and then at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after ingestion of 25 g glucose, fructose

or lactose, or 30 g honey, 50 g white bread, 125 g white rice or potatoes, 150 g

apples or 260 g carrots. Maximum blood glucose and plasma insulin responses were

recorded 60 min after ingestion of each test meal. At this time the increases in

blood glucose and in plasma insulin were significantly higher after the more

refined carbohydrates (glucose, fructose and lactose) than after the more

complex ones (apples, potatoes, rice, carrots and honey, -p less than 0.01).

Counting the blood glucose increase after glucose as 100%, the corresponding

increases in glycaemia for other carbohydrates were: fructose, 81.3%; lactose,

68.6%; apples, 46.9%; potatoes, 41.4%; bread, 36.3%; rice, 33.8%; honey, 32.4%

and carrots, 16.1%.

PMID: 6341139 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

[2] Dr. Roger Morse was born in the United States. He was professor emeritus of
Cornell University.

[i] California’s data related to honey and infant botulism.

[ii] Center for Disease Control recommends honey not be fed to infants under one year of age.

Spanish: El Centro de Control de Enfermedades recomienda no alimentar con miel a niños menores de un año

[iii] English: The occasional association of C botulinum spores with infant foods is no longer honey specific and not confined to honeys from the US.

Spanish: La ocasional asociación de esporos del Clost. Botulinum con la comida de
los niños no es más específica de la miel ni propia de la miel de los
EEUUde NA.

[iv] Akopyan, Z . M. (1972) (USSR-Armenia) – Effet du miel sur l’activité de quelques antibiotiques,
in Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armeni, 25(5); pp.88-90.

Treats the effect of stabilisation of the honey over several antibiotics : monomycine, neomycine, streptomycine, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline (much stable on antibiotics non-hidrosolubile like tetracycline).

[v] Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

[vi] OBJECTIVE: It has been proposed that natural honey may contain a ‘sucralfate-like’ substance. Recent studies have shown that sucralfate affords protection against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced injuries in the rat stomach. Therefore, the effect of honey was studied on ischaemia-reperfusion-induced gastric lesions, intraluminal bleeding, vascular permeability and non-protein sulphhydryls (NP-SH) in the rat stomach. METHODS: Rats were subjected to 30 min of gastric ischaemia in the presence of 100 mM HCl and reperfusion period of 60 min. Intraluminal bleeding was assessed macroscopically and the gastric lesions were graded microscopically under an inverted microscope. Vascular permeability was quantified by measuring spectrophotometrically the extravasated Evans blue dye in the stomach. NP-SH levels were measured spectrophotometrically. A luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method was used to assess antioxidant effects of honey in vitro. RESULTS: There were significantly more gastric lesions, more severe intraluminal bleeding, more leakage of Evans blue and depletion of NP-SH during the reperfusion period as compared to controls.
Pre-treatment with honey (0.078-0.625 g/kg, orally) or dimethyl sulphoxide (0.02-0.08 g/kg, intraperitoneally) 30 min before the ischaemia-reperfusion dose-dependently reduced the gastric lesions and intraluminal bleeding and decreased the vascular permeability. Furthermore, honey reversed the ischaemia-reperfusion-induced depletion of NP-SH levels and inhibited the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence induced in a cell-free xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that gastric protection by honey may be a result of its antioxidant effect. It is suggested that this property of honey may be due to the presence of a ‘sucralfate-like’ substance.
PMID: 9431902, UI: 98092199.

[vii] Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain.

[viii] A PCR procedure was developed for the detection of Clostridium botulinum in foods. PCR products were detected in agarose gels and by Southern hybridization. The sensitivity of PCR was tested in broth cultures and in canned asparagus, dry cured ham and honey. The sensitivity of the method in broth was high (2.1-8.1 cfu ml-1) for types A and B, but rather low (10(4) cfu ml-1) for types E and F. However, after enrichment at 37 degrees C for 18 h, it was possible to detect Cl. botulinum types A, B, E and F in food samples at initial levels of about 1 cfu 10 g-1 of food. This PCR detection protocol provides a sensitive and relatively rapid technique for the routine detection of Cl. botulinum in foods.
PMID: 9351261, UI: 98012546.

[ix] Reports on possible routes and vehicles for infant botulism identifying honey as an identified food source, but stressing ubiquitous distribution of spores and unavoidable and generally harmless exposure that they generally produce.

[x] Review on infant botulism based largely on work in the US.

[xi] NEW SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION OF REDUCING SUGARS IN HONEY

Gh. BALICA

I. DUMITRU L.BRASOVEANU J. PREDUT

F D. POTINCA

ROMANIA

The literature on this subject-matter describes a wide range of methods of identification of reducing sugars in various biological media, products, etc. The group of oxidation methods includes the iodometric (1-3), Bertrand (4), potassium ferricyanide in alkaline medium (5), gold chloride as oxider in alkaline medium (6), etc. methods.

The more widely used are the colorimetric methods such as that using antrone (7), 3,5 dinitrosalicylic acid (8), etc.

In the last few years, complexonometric methods of determination of sugars (9-10) have been reported.

To be same end, polarimetric (11) and fluorimetric (12) methods are also recommended.

We tested a new spectrophotometric method of determination of the reducing sugars in honey ; 5,7 dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin was used for colour reaction ; in the presence of glucose or fructose in alkaline medium, at the water-bath temperature, a red-orange colour would result.

This colour is likely to be due to development of 5-amino-7-nitro-8-hydroxykinolin.

5,7 dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin was obtained by the method reported in literature (13) : nitration of 8-hydroxykinolin with concentrated nitric acid (d = 1.42).

Reagents used

1. 0.1% 5,7 dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin solution (50 ml ethanol 95% and 50 ml NaOH 10%).

2. Natrium hydroxide 10%.

3. Standard fructose solution (0.100 g of fructose weighed by analytical scales, dissolved in distilled water in a 100 ml flask).

Apparatus used

Spekol Zeiss Jena spectrophotometer.

Micropipettes

31 – 27th International Congress of Apiculture p.481

Procedure

0.1 ml fructose solution, 0.1 ml 5,7 dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin solution, and 0.5 ml natrium hydroxide solution 10% were pipetted into a glass tube which was heated at 100’C for 2 minutes, and cooled under a water jet ; distilled water was added to make up 3 ml. The tube was stirred to homogenize the contents ; loss of colour was recorded at l = 550 nm.

The variation of loss of colour depending on time was recorded at l 550 nm ; the value of loss of colour kept the same after the first 5 minutes.

The tests made for recording the variation of loss of colour in relation to l showed a peak at 500 nm.

The variation of loss of colour in relation to ooncentration was also investigated, the Lambert-Berr coefficient being recorded in the range from 200 and 800 mg of fructose/ml.

The amount of glucose m the sample was calculated as follows

fructose (E_p-E_m) · f.100

Ep = loss of colour in the sample

Em = loss of colour in the control = 0.005

S Ci

f = sliding factor = ———

S E₁

Several spectrophotometric determinations were made in a standard fructose solution. The analytical values and statistically processed data are given in Table 1.

Table No. 1

Deter- Real Value Arith. Abso- Dis- Stan- Stan- Calcula- Time Variability

mina- value recor- mean lute per- dard dard de- ted time recorded coefficient

tions mg ded error sion devia- viation P = 95%

mg tion of the

average

1 500 440 44

2 500 480 4

3 500 500 484 -16 680 ±26.07 13.032 2.78 1.22 5.4%

4 500 500 -16

5 500 500 -16

Observations

For spectrophotometric determination of the reducing sugars (as fructose) in honey, the following procedure was used : 0.1 g honey was weighed on analytical scales, and poured through a funnel into a flask calibrated at 100 ml, containing distilled water. From the solution of honey obtained, the indicated amount is pipetted into the test tube, and spectrophotometric determination is made as described in the above mentioned.

482

Conclusions

A new spectrophotometric method of determination of the reducing sugars in honey was developed, based on the colour reaction of the reducing carbohydrates and the 5,7-dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin in alkaline medium — red-orange range.

The Lambert-Berr coefficient was recorded in the range of 200-800 mg fructose/ml of solution.

Statistical processing of analytical values showed that the method is accurate.

The procedure is convenient because the colour reagent 5,7 dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin is easily prepared by nitration of 8-hydroxykinolin.

8-hydroxykinolin is also readily accessible as it is used in the synthesis of medicines.

The ad ‘ vantage of this method is that the 5,7 dinitro-8-hydroxykinolin solution is stable for a longer time, 5-10 minutes only being necessary for one assay.

LITERATURE CITED

J. R. COLIN, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1953, 9, p. 500

M. TOMADO, YAKUGAKU ZASSHI, 1960, 80, p. 1696

F. ALBERT, N. BARBULESCU, C. HOLSZKY, C. GREFF, Analiza Chimica Organica (Organic Chemical Analysis), Ed. II, Ed. Tehniea, Buc. 1970, p. 267

I. F. DUMITRIU, Lucrari practice de biochimie (Biochemical Assays) 1967, p. 191

M. IONESCU, Bul. Soc. Chim. Biol., 1928, 10, p. 252

L. M. VERMA, et. al., Chimie Analytique, 1967, 7, p. 347

ROE, I. H., J. Biol. Chem., 1955, 212, p. 325

E. BAREL, F. HOLSTETTLER, H. DENEL, Helf Chim. Acta, 1952, 35, p. 115

a. F. BERMEJO, MARGALLT, A, Inform, Quim. Anal. 1965, 19, P. 114

b. Idem, Z. Analyt. Chem. 1967, 227, p. 441

R. PRIBET, Complexonii in chimia analitica (Complexons in Analytical Chemistry) (translation into Romanian from. Czeck), Ed. Teh. Buc. 1961, p. 428

Takuya HARADA and Collab. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1963, 37, p. 80

CRASSIMI, Lokare Univ, Studies, Trieste, 1965, 25, p. 24

D. HOORN R. P., Rev. Trav. Chim., Pays-Bas, 1929, 48, P. 557

p.483

[xii] Department of Paediatrics, Aalborg Hospital, Denmark.

[xiii] Infant botulism is caused by intestinal colonization by Clostridium botulinum, C. barati or C. butyricum. Infant botulism has only rarely been reported outside the USA. A 3-month-old boy developed constipation, lethargy, feeding difficulties and descending, severe, symmetric weakness. He was breastfed but had also been fed honey. Supportive care led to complete recovery. The serum was positive for C. botulinum toxin type A-F (mouse toxin neutralization assay). A strain of C. botulinum producing toxin type A and E was identified in the stool. C. botulinum was identified in a jar of honey of the same brand as the honey fed to the patient. PMID: 9413010, UI: 98074490.

[xiv] Address: Oral and Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.

[xv] The antibacterial properties of honey against medically important bacteria have been well documented but this information is not available for the oral bacteria and specifically for the oral streptococci. We determined the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of honey for oral streptococci. Honey had a MIC of 25 per cent (vol/vol) for the bacteria tested with the exception of Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus oralis which were inhibited by 17 per cent (vol/vol) and 12 per cent (vol/vol) honey respectively. The hypertonic sugar control had a MIC of 25 per cent (vol/vol) for all the bacteria tested. Although the results of this study indicate that there could be other antibacterial agents present in the honey, it may be assumed that the hypertonic sugar concentration played an important role in this activity.

[xvi] Health Resources Press, Inc. Address: Doree Smedley

1359 Alderton Lane Silver Springs, MD 20906. Phone: (301) 460-6145.

[xvii] Study of microorganisms in 56 honeys for sale in Germany found no C botulinum but related spores in some samples.

[xviii] Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Spain.

[xix] Simple procedures for the extraction and chromatographic determination of benomyl and carbendazim in honey, bees wax, larvae, bees and pollen are proposed. The fungicides were extracted from honey, larvae and bees using ethyl acetate, while methanol was more suitable for wax and pollen samples. Pollen extracts need a further clean-up step with n-hexane. The determination is carried out by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The procedures have been applied to the analysis of benomyl on honey and larvae samples from hives whose bees were nourished with artificial food mixed with benomyl.
PMID: 9408999, UI: 98073393.

[xx] Institute of Forensic Medicine, Aachen University of Technology, Germany.

[xxi] In 1996 samples of suspicious honey preparations were confiscated at the Dutch-German border. The labels on the 50 ml jars indicated that the honey contained Stropharia cubensis (better known as Psilocybe cubensis). The jars were filled with honey with a ca. 1 cm layer of fine particles on the top. The particles were collected and subjected to microscopic and chemical analysis. By microscopy mushroom tissue (plectenchym) and spores typical for the genus Psilocybe were identified in all samples. The HPLC analysis with atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry and diode array detection revealed psilocine but psilocybine was not found. The quantitative analysis was very difficult due to the matrix problems. A search showed that the honey with Psilocybe can be purchased in Dutch coffee shops without any limitations although psilocine and psilocybine belong to listed substances according to Dutch law.

[xxii] Stresses the serious nature of infant botulism and objects to claims that a honey-raw milk combination could cure botulism.

[xxiii] Su dirección de hace unos años era C/ Castelló 37, MADRID.

[xxiv] Press release about facts from an association of honey producers.

[xxv] ANTIBAKTERIELLE EIGENSCHAFTEN DER BRASILIANISCHEN

HONIGSORTEN ERHALTEN VON AFRIKANISIERTEN

HONIGBIENEN UND VON MELIPONA

Marilda Cortopassi-Laurino
D.S. Gelli

Wir untersuchten Honigsorten von den afrikanisierten Honigbienen (20) und von den stachellosen Bienen (14) gegenüber 7 Bakterienstämmen und bewiesen, daß die zweite Gruppe wirksamer ist als die erste (bezüglich der antibakteriellen Eigenschaften).

S. 516

[xxvi] Address: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food CSL Food Science Laboratory, Colney, Norwich, UK.

[xxvii] A method was developed for the determination in honey of the Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids jacoline, jacozine, jacobine, seneciphylline and senecionine, combining solid-phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. The method allowed determination of individual alkaloids and offered a considerable improvement in terms of speed, sensitivity and specificity over previous approaches, but was not suitable for determination of jaconine, a minor alkaloid in Ragwort. Instrument calibrations were linear over the range 0.005 to 100 micrograms/ml, equivalent to approximately 0.001 to 2.0 mg/kg in honey with the extraction method used and allowing for observed recoveries. Detection limits in honey were 0.002 mg/kg. Recoveries for most of the alkaloids were between 57 and 70%. The alkaloids have been determined in a number of samples of honey selected after pollen identification and counting. The alkaloids were not detectable in samples containing two grains or less of Ragwort pollen per gram of honey. Samples collected in late July and August contained Ragwort pollen at 15-21 grains/g and total alkaloid concentrations of 0.011-0.056 mg/kg. Similar contributions to the total were made by jacozine, seneciophylline and senecionine, with jacobine making a larger and jacoline a smaller contribution. Two samples of honey containing Ragwort pollen at 24 and 16 grains/g had total alkaloid concentrations of 0.42 and 1.48 mg/kg respectively (not corrected for recovery). The alkaloid profile in these samples was dominated by seneciphylline and senecionine which together comprised 90-95% of the total.
Alkaloids were not detected in retail honeys.

[xxviii] Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San
Luis, Argentina.

[xxix] A total of 177 honey samples were examined for Clostridium botulinum, 68 of which were from commercial origin, 8 from small rural producers for family consumption, and the remaining 6 from fractionizing centers in Mendoza and San Luis provinces in Argentina. C. botulinum type A was detected in two samples of rural producer origin (1.1%) by the centrifugation-dilution method. The strain was recovered from one of the samples, obtaining a spore count of 55/g of honey. Even though the positive percentage was lower than that

found in other countries, honey consumption by children under one year old should be avoided in order to prevent infant botulism.

PMID: 9411489, UI: 97480053

Spanish: Un total de 177 muestras de miel fueron examinadas para el Cl Botul., 68 fueron de origen comercial, 8 de pequeños productores para consumo propio, y 6 de fracciionadores de Mendoza y San Luis. Cl. Botul. fueron encontrados en 2 muestras de pequeños porductores (1,1%). A pesar del hallazgo positivo este fue más bajo que el encontrado en mieles de otros paises; el consumo de miel en menores de un año debería evitarse para prevenir el botulismo infantil.
PMID: 9411489, UI: 97480053

[xxx] Area de Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina.

[xxxi] Five cases of infant botulism which occurred during the period from May 1995 to May 1996 in San Luis,Argentina, are reported. Infant botulism was confirmed in all patients by isolation of Clostridium botulinum type A from stool culture and by the toxin assay. Toxin was found in the serum of one of them. All patients required hospitalization with treatment consisting of supportive especially respiratory and nutritional care. At the time of discharge from the hospital, three patients had a good recovery, although two of them had mild difficulties in

sucking or constipation. C. botulinum was not detected in samples of honey which had been given to two of the patients.

PMID: 9532265, UI: 98193433

Spanish: De los cinco casos de botulismo infantil ocurridos en San Luis, Argentina
entre may/95 y may/96, en dos casos no fue detectado el Clost. Botul. en la
miel que se les había dado a esos niños.

[xxxii] Die neue Lage Honig im “Browny” zur Apitherapie

Im Imkerfreund 10/96 auf Seite 28 wurde unter dem Thema “Das Lebenselexier Honig braucht Lichtund Wärmeschutz, um sinnvoll wirken zu können” die derzeitig noch unbefriedigende Situation geschildert, in der sich die Imkerschaft befindet, wenn sie ihren hochwertigen Honig lichtgeschützt vermarkten möchte. Dem könnte umgehend abgeholfen werden, wenn Imker beispielsweise das gleiche Glas benutzen würden, wie es Demeter für seine Schlagsahne nutzt.

Es handelt sich um ein braunes Glas, das die Firma Hochlandglas in Wurzach herstellt. Es hat einen ‘Rvist-off-Verschluß. Wir nennen es “Browny” und hoffen, daß es den gleichen Anklang findet wie das ber-ühmt gewordene Handy zum Telefonieren.

Das Browny hat ein Fassungsvermögen für 375 Gramm Honig. Das sind zwar nur 3/4 Pfund Honig anstelle des Pfundes im durchsichtigen Einheitsglas. Dafür aber ist in diesem Browny das fürapitherapiezwecke geeignete hochwertige Gut, statt der zurtoten Masse gedemütigten Ursubstanz Honig im durchsichtigen Glas.

Wer sich schon einmal mit der Handlichkeit des Brownys vertraut machen möchte, kauft ein Glas Demeter Schlagsahne. Auf dem Glas sind 30 Pfennig Pfand. Die handliche Form des Brownys könnte bald Anklang finden, insbesondere bei Singles, jungen Müttern und mobilen Senioren, die dievorteile aus der Apotheke der Bienen erkennen und zu nutzen wissen, zum Beispiel als Hausmittel nach Empfehlungen von Dr. STANGACIU (siehe IF 10/96 Seite 7 und IF 7/97 Seite 22).

Es wird vom geistigen Einstellungsvermögen der Imker abhängen, in welcher Zeit sie sich auf die neuen Gegebenheiten einstellen können und wollen. Die neue Lage hat den ungeheueren Vorteil, daß keinerlei Entwicklun skostenanfallen,bisauf 9

das Beschriftungsbild mit den notwendigen marktgängigen Angaben. Ein Problem müssen die Imker allerdings noch lösen. Es betrift die Endverteilung der Gläser, denn der Glashersteller gibt grundsätzlich seine Ware nur in Paletten mit circa 3.000 Stück ab. Die Endverteilung müßten Imkerfachgeschäfte übernehmen, oder sogenannte Patenschaften. Das sind engagierte Imker, die neben ihrem Eigenbedarf auch dieversorgung ihrer Imkerkollegen mit übernehmen.

Imker, die in ihrem Bekanntenkreis das Browny zeigen und dafür werben wollen, können als Selbstabholer bei der Molkereigenossenschaft Hohenlohe Franken in Schrozberg geringere Mengen (50 – 100 – 200) mit den lWist-off-Verschlüssen und Transportbehältern für je 10 Gläser erwerben. Herr Kaufmann,Telefon 07935/91150 vermittelt diewünsche. Dem Browny sollte man die Bezeichnung “Browny S” (single) mit auf denweg geben, denn es ist damit

zu rechnen, daß es eines Tages auch die Variante “Browny F” (Family) geben könnte. Dies ist ein Gebinde von Spessart Glas aus Lohr am Main, das ein Fassungsvermögen von 600 Gramm hat und damit beispielsweise für Apitherapiekombinationen wie Honig plus Pollen geeignet wäre.

Es braucht sicher nicht besonders erwähnt werden, daß der Honig im Browny frei ist von Rückständen von Behandlungsmitteln und ähnlichem. Die jungen und fortschrittlichen Imker sollten diese einzigartige Möglichkeit nutzen, den ihren Bienenstöcken entstammenden Honig im Browny zu konservieren, damit dieser vornehmlich für die Heilzwecke der Apitherapie zur Verfügung steht. “Apitherapiehonig aus eigener Imkerei” sollten sie dieses Produkt nennen und bei jeder sich bietenden Gelegenheit dafür werben, damit das Lebenselexier Honig den ihm gebührenden Stellenwert in der Öffentlichkeit einnehmen kann. Naturärzte und Heilpraktiker in unserem Lande müssen mit der Apitherapie vertraut gemacht werden, damit ihnen stets bewußt ist, über welche therapeutische Vielfalt sie verfügen können. Vielleicht gelingt es in absehbarer Zeit dem Deutschen Apitherapie Bund (DAB) entsprechend fördernd zu wirken, nachdem diese Organisation nun seine Geburtswehen überstanden haben dürfte. Wie heißt doch jenes Sprichwort: “Gut Ding braucht seine Weile”.

Dipl. Ing. Andreas Deman

Karolinenstraße 23

64 342 Seeheim Jugenheim

8997 IMKERFREUND 23

[xxxiii] Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

[xxxiv] Our study with honey for its possible immunomodulatory activity reveals the immunosuppressive activity on induction of murine humoral antibody responses against different allergens as determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion techniques. Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE antibody responses elicited with various doses were completely suppressed by different sources of commercial honeys. Honey is also found to have suppressed the induction of OVA-specific humoral antibody responses in different strains of mice. The results obtained in this work confirm the immunosuppressive activity of honey and suggest its possible applicability in conditions requiring immunosuppression.
PMID: 9414144, UI: 98074955.

[xxxv] STELLUNGNAHME DER DEUTSCHEN ZUR HONIGQUALITÄT.

H. DUISBERG

Institut für Honigforschung,

Stresemannstr. 33, 28 Bremen

DEUTSCHE BUNDESREPUBLIK

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist seit ein paar Jahren das grösste Honigimportland der Welt. So ist es verständlich, dass manche Honigerzeugungsländer sich über die Anschauungen informieren wollen, welche sich in diesem Land für die Qualitätsbeurteilung von Honig entwickelt haben. Ja, ich möchte noch hinzufügen und welche für den ungeahnten Konsum-Aufschwung von 8 auf 58.000 to. innerhalb von 10-15 Jahren die Ursachen waren.

Ich wurde daher von der Kongressleitung gebeten, über das Thema: “Enzyme, contents und quality of Honey” zu berichten.

Diese Formulierung enthält das Kernproblem, aber sie umreisst den Fragekreis nicht vollständig.

Ich hoffe daher, dass es begrüsst werden wird, wenn ich zunächst die Anschauungen vieler deutscher Verbraucher kurz erläutere, welche uns zu einer Unterscheidung der Honigqualitäten nach anderen als den äusseren Eigenschaften wie Farbe, Geruch, Aroma und Sonstigen geführt haben.

Im zweiten Abschnitt werde ich einige analytische Anforderungen kurz beschreibe, die sich daraus ableiten und im dritten Teil gewisse Vorstellungen vom Zusammenhang zwischen Enzymgehalt und Honigqualität, welche in Deutschland, diskutiert werden, kurz darlege.

Über diese Beziehungen sind von Duisberg und Hadorn genaue zahlenmässige Unterlagen an Hand von ca. 1650 Honigemusternn in den Mitteilungen für Lebensmitteluntersuchungen und Hygiene, Bern veröffentlicht worden, so dass ich auf die quantitative Seite nicht näher einzugehen brauche.

Nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern in vielen Teilen der Welt ist man bemüht, das Warenangebot “transparent” zu machen, um den Verbraucher in die Lage zu versetzen, bei den vielfältigen Verarbeitung und Abwandlungen klarer zu erkennen, was er kauft.

Auf dem Lebensmittelsektor herrscht zudem bei vielen Verbrauchern ein Misstrauen gegen die Vielfältigkeit chemischer Zusätze und Veredelungsmethoden, die zwar alle dem Auge, der Nase und dem Mund sehr entgegenkommen, aber über deren gesundheitliche Unbedenklichkeit in vielen Fällen der “Vielgenerationentest” zur Erkennung von Spätschäden noch nicht endgültig entschieden hat.

Viele Verbraucher bevorzugen daher Produkte, die unverändert bis zum Konsumenten gelangen können. Oft ist dieses aber aus Gründen der Hygiene, der Haltbarkeit oder der Verträglichkeit gar nicht möglich oder erwünscht.

Honig besitzt als eines der wenigen Nahrungsmittel einen besonderen Nymbus der unveränderten Natürlichkeit – welche von den deutschen gesetzlichen Bestimmungen auch im Rahmen des Möglichen gefordert wird.

Dieses ist der erste grosse Vorzug des Honigs, der den Imker bewusst bleiben muss.

Es kommt ein zweiter hinzu, der für die Entwicklung der Imkerei einen gewichtigen Beitrag zu liefern im Stunde ist.

Die Wirkungen, die dem Nahrungsmittel Honig auf den menschlichen Körper zukommen, braucht man keineswegs nur unter dem Begriff der Zufuhr von Nährstoffen zusammenzufassen, sondern für bestimmte Verbrauchsgruppen (Kinder, ältere Leute, bestimmte Kranke (z.B. Erkältungen) und Rekonvaleszenten) kann, man sie auch als für die Gesundheit förderlich ansehen.

Da Invertzucker diese Effekte -nicht oder nur zum kleinen Teil besitzt, ist abgesehen von den Mineralbestandteilen die Meinung nicht von der Hand zu weisen, dass sie von den Bestandteilen kommen, die die Biene dem Nektar zufügt.

Soweit man sie heute kennt, enthalten Solche Produkte Enzymeverbindungen die Nitrogen und Eiweiss besitzen.

Einzelheiten hierüber könnten evtl. in der Diskussion berichtet werden.

Hier nur zwei kurze Bemerkungen zur Kritik gegen die gesundheitlichen Wirkungen.

I.) Die Fermente begegnen dem Einwand, dass sie auf die Verdauungsvoraänge nicht wirksam seien könnten, da sie durch die Magensalzsäure inaktiviert würden. Inzwischen hat sich herausgestellt, dass die angenommenen Magensäurewerte von pH 1,5-2 zwar für die Reizsäuresekretion, nicht aber für die normale Verdauung gelten. Elektronisch sind sie hierfür zwischen 3-4 ermittelt, sodass diese Säurewerte bei älteren Leuten die Wirksamkeit der Fermente keineszwegs vernichten. (In der Mundhöhle und im Nasen-Rachen-Raum herrscht ohnedies ein fast optimales pH für die Glukoseoxydase).

II. Bei Erkältungskrankheiten wird die Aktivität der Glukoseoxydase für zu gering gehalten. Hier wäre daran zu erinnern, dass das als Penizilin B isolierte Antibiotikum sich später als Glukoseoxydase herausstellte und weiterhin, dass die ersten aufsehenerregenden Erfolge der Antibiotika (Penizillin) mit wenigen Einheiten erzielt wurden, während man heute glaubt, 400.000 ja Millionen Einheiten zu benötigen. Auch gegen diese Dosierungen lassen sich stichhaltige Einwände erheben.

Auch weitere Faktoren könnten für gesundheitliche Wirkungen des Honigs infrage kommen.

Da indessen alle diese Wirkungen zwar vielfach ärztlich beobachtet sind, nicht aber bisher als medizinisch bewiesen angesehen werden können, habe ich sie nur deshalb kurz gestreift, weil breite Verbraucherschichten in Deutschland aufgrund der eigenen Beobachtung, hartnäckig an solche gesundheitlichen Wirkungen des Honigs glauben und Honig regelmässig aus gesundheitliche Gründen gemessen. Diese Verbraucher erwarten aber auch einen Honig, dessen “innere Werte” noch erhalten sind.

Das ist also einer der Gründe, warum in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in einigen anderen europäischen Ländern darauf Wert gelegt wird, möglichst den Honig in dem Zustand zu bekommen, wie er in der Wabe vorliegt, vor allem aber die Wärmeinaktivierung so klein wie nur möglich zu halten.

Der Vollständigkeit halber ist zu ergänzen, dass der Diastase- und Invertase-gehalt aber auch als analytische Indikatoren fungieren. Hierauf komme ich noch zurück.

Im II. Teil möchte ich kurz über einige analytische Anforderungen berichten, die aus dem eben gesagten sich ableiten.

Beim Import von Honig ist es für unsere Lebensmittelkontrolle von besonderem Wert Hinweise auf die Lagerung oder Erwärmung von Honig zu erhalten, weil hierdurch eine Teilinaktivierung biologischer Begleitstoffe des Honigs erfolgt sein kann.

White hat die bruchstückweise vorhandenen Beobachtungen über dieses Gebiet in gross angelegten Versuchsreihen zusammengefasst und hierbei auch die Rolle des HMF-Gehaltes näher beleuchtet.

Wir benützen zur Feststellung des HMF-Gehaltes die Reaktion nach Winkler, die in einigen Einzelheften gegenwärtig in Deutschland durch Ringanalysen überprüft wird.

In meiner Veröffentlichung mit Hadern ist gezeigt, dass fast 80 % aller untersuchten Importproben einem HMF-Gehalt under 0,5 mgo/o hatten.

Man kann m.E. daraus folgern, dass es in den meisten Erzeugungsgebieten möglich ist, die Honigernte incl. des Versandes nach Deutschland ohne nennenswerte Minderung der Qualität durchzufahren. In klimatisch ungünstigen Gebieten ist erhöhte Vorsicht am Platz. Niedrige HMF-Werte sind zunächst ein wertvoller Hinweis auf sorgfältige Ernte und Lagerung.

Einen weiterer Hinweis vermag der HMF-Gehalt in gewissen Fällen auf Zusatz von künstlichem Invertzucker zu geben. Dies ist eine Verfälschung von Honig wie sie dann und wann von der Lebensmittelkcontrolle in Deutschland aufgedeckt wurde, weil in Deutschland die Zucker- und Honigpreise weit auseinanderliegen. Zuletzt kommt es auch bei Importhonigen dann und wann vor, dass trotz guter Fermentwerte in einigen wenigen Drums hohe HMF-Gehalte angetroffen werden, während in allen anderen niedrige vorliegen. Hier dürfte der ausgeschmolzene Wabendeckelhonig zugemischt sein. Das ist für diejenigen Verarbeiter, die auf niedrigen HMF-Gehalt Wert legen, unerwünscht, aber auch nach den deutschen gesetzlichen Bestimmungen unzulässig.

Nun zur Analyse der Fermente. In den deutschen gesetzlichen Bestimmunger ist die Diastase genannt. Der Honig wird als für Backzwecke verwendbar angesehen, wenn die Diastase durch Erwärmung stark geschwächt oder vernichtet ist.

Über den Nachweis des Wärmeeinflusses habe ich gerade berichtet. Führt er zu einem negativen Resultat, dann wird der niedrige Fermentgehalt als naturbeding angesehen und der Honig erfüllt in dieser Beziehung die Anforderung für Speisehonig, auch wenn die als unter der in der Praxis üblichen Grenze benutzte Gothezahl oder Schadezahl von 8,3 nicht erreicht wird.

Will man nun über die Minimumanforderung für Speisehonig eine Qualitätsunterscheidung nicht nur aufgrund von Geschmack oder äusseren Dingen, sondern nach der Sorgfalt Gewinnung und Lagerung treffen, so kann dazu der Invertasegehalt benutzt werden, weil dieses Ferment noch wärmeempfindlicher als die Diastase ist.

Für die Invertase gilt ebenso wie für die Diastase, dass der Gehalt von Honig zu Honig stark schwankt, sodass für die Bedürfnisse der Praxis auch nur eine untere Grenze zur Abgrenzung einer Qualität infrage kommen kann, deren Höhe vorläufig nicht feststeht.

Sinn einer solchen Abgrenzung kann für uns in Deutschland nur darin lieg en, all den Verbrauchern – die den Honig so haben wollen, wie er in der Wabe vorliegt – ein nachprüfbares Kriterium dieser Naturbelassenheit zu geben.

Auch hier kann der Fall eintreten, dass Naturbelassenheit vorhanden ist obwohl der Invertasegehalt unter der Grenzzahl liegt. In solchen Fällen vermag wie ich in einem weiteren Vortrag morgen zeigen werde, durch den Kiermeier Quotienten ein Hinweis auf Naturbelassenheit gegeben werden. Ich verweise darauf, dass niedrige Fermentgehalte (Saccharosegehalte) bei einigen bekannten Trachten fast regelmässig angetroffen werden. So kann z.B. ein Orangenblütenhonig sowohl niedrige Diastase – wie auch niedrige Invertasewerte zeigen. Ist indessen der Kiermeier-Quontient in normalen Grenzen und die HMF-Reaktion, ein weiterer Hinweis auf sorgfältige Behandlung, so wäre es eine ungerechtfertigte Benachteiligung, diesem Honig die Naturbelassenheit nicht zuerkennende zu wollen.

Ich glaube mich an Ausführungen Über die Entwicklung des Honigkonsums

in den U.S.A. zu erinnern, die eine sehr eindrucksvolle Bestätigung dieser Ansicht

darstellen, obwohl es an Propagandamitteln und am Propagandakönnen sicher-

lich nicht gefehlt haben kann.

In Deutschland sehen breite Verbraucherkreise in Honig mehr wie nur süssen

Brotaufstrich. Auf seine gesundheitlichen Wirkungen wurde immer wieder hingewiesen.

Da die Verbraucher die Wirkungen an sich selbst bestätigt fanden, ging

die Verbrauchskurve von Jahr zu Jahr steil in die Höhe. Konsumerhöhung dürfte

aber auch eine der wesentlichen Voraussetzungen sein, um auch für den Imker

einen angemessenen Preis zu sichern.

So liegt es also nicht nur im Interesse der Verbraucher Qualitätshonige zu

bekommen, sondern auch im Interesse der Imker, die damit verbundene Sorg-

falt und Mühe auf sich zu nehmen.

Ich habe mir erzählen lassen, dass in den U.S.A. nur dann ein Hinweis auf

gesundheitliche Wirkungen erlaubt sei, wenn diese bewiesen ist.

Wir würden es auf jeden Fall aufs herzlichste begrüssen, wenn die Imker

aus aller Welt unsere Bemühungen unterstützen, den Honig zu erforschen, um seine guten Seiten klarer herauszuschälen und wo immer nur möglich auch zu beweisen, aber auch seine Grenzen klar zu sehen.

[xxxvi] Address: Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.

[xxxvii] A case of infant botulism in a 9 week-old female is described. A strain of C. botulinum type B was isolated from the feces of the baby. The epidemiologic study detected in a sample of home canned honey Clostridium botulinum spores of the same serotype that was isolated from the patient. The honey had been used only to sweeten the pacifier of the baby. This is the first case of infant botulism in Europe linked conclusively to honey.
PMID: 8150073, UI: 94200372

[xxxviii] Laboratorio de Fitoquimica
CEBAS (C.S.I.C.)
P.O. Box 1495
Murcia 30080 (Espagne)
fax: +34-68.266613
email de F.A. Tomas-Barberan: fatomas@natura.cebas.csic.es

[xxxix] HONEY OIL

Honey oil-liquid (absolute); beeswax liquid (absolute).

From the honeycomb, essential oil is produced by extraction. The best solvent is alcohol, since it does not leave any toxic residue.

The essential oil’s fragrance is mild, warm, sweet, and resembles honey.

In the aroma lamp, the bath, and massage oils, honey oil calms, relaxes and balances.

It may be used in a therapeutic bath for a cold.

Children enjoy honey oil mixed with tangerine and vanilla – the combination is gentle to the skin, especially sensitive and inflamed skin.

People allergic to propolis should not use honey oil.

[xl] Address: Unite Abeille, Centre National d’Etudes Veterinaires et Alimentaires (CNEVA), Sophia-Antipolis, France.

[xli] To meet the needs of a colony, bees collect honey, honey-dew, pollen and water from an environment exposed to various bacterial and chemical contaminants, which might be incorporated in products for human consumption. In addition to this environmental pollution, contamination of bee products may also occur during packing. In France, tests for various pollutants are performed more or less systematically, at the request of the Ministry of Agriculture, merchants or producers. Honey and royal jelly contain very little bacterial or chemical contamination, due to both the ability of colonies to eliminate pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms present in their environment, and to the physico-chemical properties of these products, as well as the role of bees in filtering chemical pollutants. To create the framework for European legislation on the testing of products, bacterial and chemical standards should be created and should be based on standardised techniques. The testing of imported bee products requires greater attention.

[xlii] 92 samples, mostly German, but some others, tested without detecting Clostridium botulinum spores.

[xliii] Westlakes Scientific Consulting Limited, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Cumbria, UK.

[xliv] Radiological dose implications for consumers of wild foods around Sellafield have been assessed. Habits were surveyed from 72 households, mostly within a few kilometres of Sellafield. A few people were included who lived further away but collect wild foods close to Sellafield. Dose estimates were based on measured gamma emitters, as well as 239Pu, 241Am, 14C and 129I in selected samples. In all cases, doses were dominated by 137Cs. One infant was identified who consumed wild food, giving an estimated effective dose of 0.3 microSv a(-1). In the age group 2 to 10 years a mean dose of 0.51 microSv a(-1), and a maximum of 2.8 microSv a(-1), were estimated. Intakes by adults were higher and resulted in more radiologically significant doses. The extreme individual received a dose of 32 microSv a(-1) largely due to consumption of honey that included contributions from the Chernobyl accident, and hedgerow fruits. This is comparable to doses to the critical group for consumption of conventional agricultural produce close to the Sellafield site. The 97.5th percentile dose, for all age groups of consumers taken together, was 16.6 microSv a(-1), or 6.2 microSv a(-1) if the contributions from Chernobyl are excluded. Considering the contributions from different foods to the whole group of 181 wild food consumers, the rank order is honey, blackberries and venison.

[xlv] The experimental evaluation of antitumor properties of honey was carried out using five strains of rat and murine tumors. Honey revealed moderate antitumor and pronounced antimetastatic effects. Honey potentiated the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide.

[xlvi] T R A C H T P F L A N Z E N

Der Weißdorn

(Crataegus AG)

Anfang Mai, wenn unter einem weißblauen Föhnhimmel tausende von Löwenzahnblüten ihre kleinen Miniatursonnen zu entfalten beginnen, leuchten an den Abhängen der die mittelschwäbische Riedellandschaft zwischen Iller und Lech von Süd nach Nord durchziehenden Riedel immer wieder weiße Striche und Punkte auf. Der Weißdorn blüht. Die “Heilpflanze des Jahres 1990″, der”Wohltäter der Herzkranken”, wie ihn die moderne Naturheilmedizin preist, ist er auch eine Bienentrachtpflanze?

Zwar erfreut eine voll blühenden Weißdornhecke unser Auge, wo immer wir sie erblicken. Denn wenn wir uns ihr nähern, nehmen wir den an Heringslake erinnernden, alles andere als angenehmen Geruch sehr vermutlich wahr. Der Geruch wird verursacht durch die in der Pflanze enthaltenen aminartigen Verbindungen. Natürlich lockt ein derartiger Geruch für’s Erste Fliegen und Käfer als Besucher an.

HERMANN MÜLLER, der Altmeister der modernen Trachtpflanzenforschung, zeigte in seinem grundlegenden Werk über “Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch die Insekten und die gegenseitige Anpassung beider” eine Vielzahl von Blütenbesuchern an, unter denen auch Schmetterlinge und die Honigbiene aufgeführt sind.

Das Aufspringen der Staubgefäße beginnt erst zwei bis drei Tage nach dem Öffnen der Blüte. Auf der Aufnahme sind die Blüten, bei denen die Staubgefäße bereits aufgesprungen sind, durch die kleinen, roten, leider nur schwach erkennbaren Staubfäden besonders unterscheidbar. Die Fremdbestäubung ist, da die Pflanzen mit ihren augenfälligen Blütenstandgruppen, die eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen blütenbesuchenden Insekten anlocken, fast immer gesichert. Allerdings erfolgt bei ausbleibendem Insektenbesuch Selbstbestäubung.

Wie schon beim Beitrag über die Kirschpflaume vor einiger Zeit ausgeführt, gibt es auch beim Weißdorn Formen, die mehr von Bienen als von anderen Insekten besucht werden und umgekehrt. Früher haben die Botaniker nur zwischen dem Ein- und Zweigriffeligen Weißdorn unterschieden. Heute wird der Weißdorn in eine Vielzahl von Kleinarten aufgegliedert, die dann solche Trachtabweichungen auch erbanlagenbedingt durchaus realistisch erscheinen lassen. Übrigens ist der Weißdorn, wie schon HERMANN MOLLER am 9. Mai 1868 beobachten konnte, auch ein guter, an wasserzügigen Hängen sogar sehr guter Honigtauerzeuger. Zu den wissenschaftlich gesicherten Anwendungsbereichen von Weißdornblüten (im Knospenzustand), -früchten (im September in der Vollreife zu sammeln) und -blätter zählen Altersherz, nachlassende Leistungsfähigkeit des Herzmuskels sowie Druck- und Beklemmungsgefühl in der Herzgegend. Hier kann auch der Laie mit Weißdornpräparaten, sei es nun in Teeoder Saftform, über längere Zeit unterstützend eingreifen.

Hansjörg Hackel Zängerlestraße 10, 87719Mindelheim

[xlvii] T R A C H T P F L A N Z E N

Der

Wiesensalbei

(Salvia pratensis L.)

Wenn sich der Mai zum Juni wendet, leuchten aus trockenen Hangwiesen aus dem Blumenflor von Straßenund Bahnböschungen und aus Feldund Wiesenrainen die ersten blauen Blütenähren des Wiesensalbeis.

Gehörte doch der Wiesensalbei noch bis vor kurzem zu unseren häufigsten Wiesenblumen. Seine stattlichen Blütenähren werden von mehreren, in Scheinquirlen angeordneten tiefblauen Lippenblüten aufgebaut.

Die auffällige Lippenblüte – das Bild zeigt eine schon im Abblühen begriffene Blüte von der Seite reizte schon fr-üh zu blütenbiologischenversuchen. Die Älteren unter uns werden sich vielleicht noch ihres Biologie- oder Naturkundeunterrichts erinnern, wenn der Biologielehrer mit einem spitzen Bleistift, den er in die Lippenblüte einführte, den als blauvioletten “Faden” aus der Oberlippe herausragenden Griffel zum Krümmen gegen die Unterlippe”reizte”.

Auf diese Weise wurden wir mit den Bestäubungseinrichtungen der Lippenblütler, zu denen ja auch der Wiesensalbei zählt, vertraut gemacht. Und für den Verfasser dieser Zeilen waren diese biologischen Versuche – durchgeführt in den 50er Jahren in den Biologiestunden an einem bayerischen Ordensgymnasium Grund genug, sich genauer mit dem lebenserhaltenden Wechselspiel zwischen Blütenpflanzen und blütenbesuchenden Insekten zu beschäftigen.

Die stark gekrümmte Oberlippe der Blütenkrone ist seitlich zusammengedrückt; die dreispaltige Unterlippe dient anfliegenden Insekten vor allem Hummeln – als Sitzplatz.

Schon CH. KONRAD SPRENGEL, der von den modernen Trachtpflanzenforschern als Erster die merkwürdigen Bestäubungseinrichtungen der Blüten des Salbeis beschrieben und abgebildet hat, fiel auf, daß die Salbeiblüten im Wesentlichen von Hummeln besucht und bestäubt werden.

Steckt nun eine Hummel oder Biene ihren Kopf durch die den Blüteneingang verschließenden Platten nach hinten, so nimmt der verlängerte Griffel eventuell auf dem Bienenkörper vorhandene Pollen auf, während die durch das blaue Schutzdach der Oberlippe bestens geschätzten Staubgefäße den Rükken des Insekts mit frischen Pollen einstäuben. Blütenbiologisch betrachtet ist der Wiesensalbei zwar eine “zuerst männliche” Hummel-, also eine Pollenblume, aber der Sitz der Staubgefäße innerhalb des Blütenbaues verhindert, daß der Pollen zu stark genutzt werden kann – es überwiegt der Nektaranteil.

Als Heilpflanze kann der Wiesensalbei wie der Gartensalbei verwendet werden. Auf Grund des in der Wiesensalbeipflanze im Gegensatz zum Gartensalbei wesentlich geringeren Wirkstoffgehaltes sollte allerdings bei Anwendung des Wiesensalbeis immer die doppelte Menge von der für den Gartensalbei gebräuchlichen Dosis Verwendung findet.

Hansjörg Hackel

Zängerlestraße 10

87719Mindelheim

[xlviii] T R A C H T P F L A N Z E N

Eberesche

(Sorbus acuparia)

Es ist guter Brauch, jedes Jahr eine andere Pflanze zur “Pflanze des Jahres” zu bestimmen und dadurch die Menschen auf die Gefährdung der Pflanzen und auch auf die Gefährdung unserer gesamten Umwelt, aufmerksam zu machen.

Die “Pflanze des Jahres 1997” ist die Eberesche, die eigentlich noch recht häufig in Saumgesellschaften natürlicher Wälder als Bestandteil von Hecken und Feldgehölzen und gepflanzten Grünanlagen und als Alleebaum an Landstraßen anzutreffen ist. Das lichtliebende Pionierholz ist allerdings recht kurzlebig. Das Höchstalter des Baumes liegt bei rund 80 Jahren.

Ab der zweiten Maihälfte – im Gebirge bis Mitte Juli – leuchten aus dem Grün der umgebenden Blätter die Cremeweißen Scheindolden der blühenden Ebereschen hervor. Bis zu 300 Einzelblüten der “vorweiblichen”, Nektarführenden Scheibenblumen können am Aufbau einer Ebereschenscheindolde beteiligt sein. Der an Maikäfer erinnernde Geruch der Blüten wird durch den Wirkstoff Trimethylamin verursacht.

Der Altmeister der modernen Trachtpflanzenforschung, HERMANN MÜLLER, gab uns im Jahre 1873 in seinem Werk über die Befruchtung und die damit verbundene gegenseitige Anpassung über die Blüten und die blütenbesuchenden Insekten eine noch heute gültige Beschreibung über die Bestäubung und Befruchtung der Ebereschenblüten: “Wenn die Blüten sich öffnen, sind die Staubgefäße noch geschlossen, was für, “vorweibliche“ Blüten typisch ist. Der äußere Kranz der Staubgefäße ist aufgerichtet, die des inneren Kranzes soweit einwär-ts gekrümmt, dass ihre Staubgefäße unter die Narbe hinab reichen. In dieser Stellung verharren sie auch bei kaltem, regnerischem Wetter, während sich die äußeren dann über die Narbe beugen und Selbstbestäubung herbeiführen.” Bei sonnigem Wetter spreizen sich die Staubgefäße von der Narbe weg nach außen, so dass am Blütenboden der nektarabsondernde Ring zum Vorschein kommt. Nektarsuchende Insekten, die sich nach ihm bücken, berühren mit ihrem Kopf die Narben und befruchten diese, wenn Pollen daran haftet. Allerdings kommt als Blütenbesucher bei den Ehereschenarten fast das ganze blütenbesuchende Insektenspektrum in Frage, auch wenn Bienen und Schmetterlinge den Hauptanteil stellen.

Unsere Ebereschen sind nicht nur gute Nektarspender in einer zeitgemäßen Bienenweide sondern ihre Früchte bilden auch ein wertvolles Natur- und Wildobst. Allerdings sollte man, will man die Ebereschen als Wildobst verwenden, auf die “Süße oder Mährische Eberesche” zurückgreifen. Die Früchte unserer Wildeberesche enthalten Sorbit, einen Wirkstoffe, der Erbrechen und Durchfall auslösen kann. Durch Fröste wird das Sorbit zwar zerstört, aber bis dies der Fall ist, haben die Vögel bereits die Beeren abgeerntet, leitet sich doch der Artname “acuparia” von der früherenverwendung der reifen Ebereschendolden als Anlockmittel der Vögel auf den “Vogelherd”, den Fangplatz der Vogelfänger, her.

Hansjörg Hackel

Zängerlestraße 10, 87719 Mindelheim

Foto: Ingeborg Hackel

[xlix] DIAGNOSEMÖGLICHKEIT DER DARMWÜRMER MIT HONIG
L. HADZI-DJORDEVIC
RADULOVIC

Die Arbeit berichtet über die mögliche Verwendung von Bienenhonig bei der Diagnose von Darmwürmern und deren Eier. Die zwei neuen Methoden fußen auf dem Schwimmen der Eier in Honiglösungen von bestimmter Dichte. Die Methoden der spontanen Flotation und derjenigen unter Schleuderkrafteinfluß wurden mit drei Honigsorten getestet: Akazien-, Linden- und Vielblütenhonig. Die Eier erscheinen auf gleicher Weise in allen drei Honigsorten. Der Vergleich der Honig-methoden mit den üblichen Methoden (Anwendung von Glyzerin, Zinksulphatlösung) ergab statistisch, daß die ersteren in viel größerem Maße zur Identifizierung der Eier beitrugen. Folgende Parasiten wurden identifiziert : Trichuris trichura, Spezies von Taenia, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Spezies von Trichostrongylus, Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoellium endriticum u.a.

S.521

[l] Minor Injuries Department, Selby War Memorial Hospital, North Yorkshire.

[li] As nurse-led wound management increases, nurses need to maintain research-based practice. Water vapour-permeable fabrics cause less accumulation of fluid than polythene when used in minor burns. Honey has been used in wound cleansing for many years.

Publication Types:
Review
Review, tutorial
PMID: 9155458, UI: 97300437.

[lii] 210 samples, mostly German, but some others, tested without detecting Clostridium botulinum spores.

[liii] Hegazi, Ahmed Gaffer; El Miniawy, H. F.; El Miniawy F. A. (1995) (Egypt) – Effect of some honeybee products on immune response of chicken infected with virulent NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus),
in Egyptian Journal of Immunology 2 (2), pp.79-86.
ABSTRACT: The effect of some bee products on immune response of chicken infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus was investigated. The mortality rate was reduced in groups infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus and subsequently treated either by propolis or honey if compared with the infected group only. It was cleared that the propolis acts actively better as antiviral agent than honey. The treatment with propolis and honey of NDV infected chicken groups induced increase in the antibody titers and phagocytic percentage.

The inoculation of different antigens in the foot pad of sensitized and non
sensitized chickens induced different degrees of foot pad thickness as well as cellular and vascular reaction depending on the type of the sensitizing antigens in foot pad. The most severe reaction was recorded in the honey & NDV group inoculated with NDV antigen. The reaction was typical to Arthus type. In propolis group inoculated with NDV antigen, the reaction was differed and the lymphocytes appeared to play the main role in this reaction which became a delayed type of hypersensitivity.

[liv] Eighty honey samples were tested for Clostridium botulinum spores. All were negative by one method, five and six positive samples by two other testing methods, with some ambiguous results when these were re-tested by yet another method. Bees were experimentally inoculated with spores by feeding sugar-water solution. The spores were incorporated into honey produced.

[lv] Science Round-up. Honey and healing

As anyone who has seen the film – Jurassic Park knows, fossils bear witness to the existence of insects on earth in the Carboniferous period of the Palaeozoic era before the existence of humans. Bees, in relatively unchanged form, have been around for over 50 million years. It is not surprising therefore that their involvement with humans must pre-date history. Cave paintings in Europe dating from 10 000 years BC depict man hunting honey which seems to have been recognized from the beginning as a precious product and cure for ills¹. The oldest written record is a Sumarian tablet, possibly dated 3000 BC having a prescription using honey to treat a skin infection or ulcer. One of the earliest references in literature that contains solid statements about the curative properties of honey is found in the Koran where it says that God inspired bees to eat from all fruits to produce liquids of different colours in which there are cures for man².

In Ancient Egypt, the honey bee formed part of the Pharaoh’s cartouche, used to denote the king of Lower Egypt. Honey bees were kept in hives very similar to the mud hives still used in Egypt today. Papyrus writings from that time were acquired in the mid- 19th century by Dr. Edwin Smith, an American scholar. Over 70 years later James Breasted succeeded in translating the document. Known as the Smith papyrus it gives a remarkable picture of medicine and surgery over 4000 years ago – including 48 case studies. One of these describes a gaping wound of the eyebrow, penetrating to the bone. The treatment was as follows:

‘Now after thou has stitched it, thou shouldst bind fresh meat upon it the first day. If thou findst that the stitching of the wound is loose, draw it together with two strips [sutures] and thou should treat it with grease and honey every day until he recovers.’³

The same papyrus gives many other prescriptions, for example wounds and ulcers were treated with linen soaked in frankincense and honey, while honey mixed with aniseed, sycamore and frankincense could be used as a gargle for treating mouth ulcers and sores. A most improbable mixture is that of malachite (copper carbonate) and honey for warding off eye conditions. Yet similar prescriptions occur a thousand years later in ancient Greece and 1 500 years after that in medieval England.

The first book on honey in the English language was written by John Hill and printed in 1759⁴. It has the very unmarketable title: The virtues of honey in preventing many of the worse disorders; and in the certain cure of several others, particularly the gravel, asthma, coughs, hoarseness, and a tough morning phlegm. We have this book in the IBRA library and I think it is very apt to quote the first paragraph:

‘The slight regard at this time paid to the medicinal virtues of Honey, is an instance of neglect men shew to common objects, whatever their value: acting in contempt, as it were, of the immediate hand of providence, which has in general made those things most frequent, which have the greatest uses; and for that reason, we seek from the remotest part of the world, medicines of harsh and violent operation for our relief in several disorders, under which we should never suffer, if we would use what the Bee collects for us at our doors.’

In the library we also have a paper which concludes that honey is grossly under-utilized in conventional medicine. That paper was published in 1989 – 230 years later in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine and originated from the medical school of Hammersmith Hospital in the UK⁵.

There is not one of us who has not heard of granny’s recipe of honey and lemon for a cough; although as we grew up we probably preferred the honey and whisky variant. It has become part of folk medicine and also a huge commercial undertaking.

Many hundreds of tonnes of honey are used each year in commercially manufactured pharmaceutical products. It is also used as a base for ointments. This is quite prevalent in Russia where honey itself is used to treat burns. It has been used in Britain as a surgical dressing for open wounds, burns and septic infections being non-adhesive it has proved to be more comfortable than other dressings.

The folklore and history are fine but where is the hard evidence?

The therapeutic qualities of honey have been rediscovered and its antibacterial properties recognized if not fully understood. A large amount of research work has been done but because the work is so widespread both in time and geography and then published in many different journals and in many languages it is difficult to assess all the findings.

It was established in 1919 that honey has antibacterial properties and these have been attributed in part to the osmotic effect that it can create. The high concentration of sugars in honey give it a hydroscopic quality. Through the process of osmosis it dehydrates and so kills bacteria. There are additional factors and it is difficult to ascertain the extent to which these factors work either independently or in conjunction within the healing process. For example, older literature refers to the presence of a substance – inhibine – this has been found to be hydrogen peroxide³. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in a reaction between glucose and oxygen. Furthermore, the low pH (3.7) of commercially produced honey creates an instantly unfavourable environment for bacterial growth which cannot be achieved by granulated sugar⁶.

The viscosity of honey makes it a good barrier compound; its water solubility allows easy removal, while its mild noncorrosive properties prevent any additional harm to either damaged or healthy tissue¹.

There are many records of the use of honey and descriptions of its biological effects. But use sometimes implies effectiveness and can be given extra weight by frequent repetition. However, actual effectiveness is far harder to define.

In 1991 Subrahmanyam⁸ carried out a conventional method of burn treatment with topical application of honey. Patients (104) were divided into two groups. In both cases the burns were cleaned with saline solution. The one group then had pure, undiluted unprocessed honey applied and rebandaged daily. The second group had gauze soaked in 5% silver sulfadiazine applied daily. Within 7 days 91% of the infected wounds treated with honey were rendered sterile compared to less than 7% in the other group. Of the wounds treated with honey, 87% had healed within 15 days compared with 10% in the control group.

It is suggested that the effectiveness of the treatment of burns is because:

· Honey prevents infection because of antibacterial properties

· Honey provides a viscous barrier to fluid loss and wound invasion by bacteria thus preventing infection

· Honey contains enzymes which may aid healing and promote tissue formation

· Honey absorbs pus thereby cleaning the wound

· Honey reduces pain, irritation and eliminates offensive smells

Efem⁹ showed that various types of wounds and skin ulcers that had not responded to conventional treatment responded favorably to honey. The wounds treated included burns, gangrene, varicose ulcers, diabetic ulcers and bed sores. Cleaned wounds had honey and clean bandages applied daily. The dressing proving to be extremely comfortable as, surprisingly it did not stick to the wound. Within 7 days wounds were free from infection, dead tissue was quickly replaced with healthy granulation tissue. Thus it would appear that the antibacterial properties of honey work on skin ulcers in the same way as they work on burns. Similar results have been recorded by Kaegi¹⁰ and Rieder¹¹ in Switzerland, both of whom treated a variety of ulcers, pressure sores, abscesses and fistulas with honey. It is interesting that honeydew honey was used in treatments because its low pollen content reduces the risk of pollen-allergic reactions.

Also in Switzerland honey has been used to treat sickness arising from radiation treatment. While German researchers found that the high fructose levels stimulate the metabolism of alcohol and so use it to help sober up drunken patients.

Dilute honey administered orally or intravenously has been shown to be effective in treating gastro-enteritis¹². While New Zealand manuka honey is said to successfully inhibit Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of stomach ulcers¹³.

Skin grafts have been successfully stored for up to twelve weeks in sterile, undiluted, unprocessed honey¹⁴.

It can be seen that honey has a long track record of medical use. Both when administered orally or used as a dressing.

A word of caution

In the past the only source of food for bees was nectar from flowers; nowadays, bees are kept in modern movable-frame hives, and may produce totally or partially non-floral honey, if they have been fed on sugar syrup. The honey extracted from such colonies does not differ much in colour or major components from floral honey, but may have inferior curative properties⁷, which places all honeys under suspicion.

Furthermore, honeys vary according to their plant origins and the conditions under which they are produced. Physical and chemical characteristics may be changed by processing and storing, while the biological properties of honey are subject to all types of variation associated with living organisms.

Honey from other bees

So far I have not mentioned the differences in honey produced by bees other than Apis mellifera, the European honey bee. For example, the honey from the Asian hive bee, Apis cerana, in China was used for centuries to prevent smallpox scarring. Honey from stingless bees of central America the Meliponinae – is a different substance but it too has even greater claims to medicinal properties, e.g. records show it has been used in the treatment of eye diseases since the Mayan civilization.

Conclusions

One of the problems with honey and healing is disentangling the folklore from serious research and then to seek out the reports arising from that research. For this very short and very simple overview I have had to dip into medical journals from the UK and elsewhere, text books on apiculture published in the UK, the USA, New Zealand, Australia and Thailand, as well as bee journals from more than half-a-dozen countries and in several languages.

It is, therefore, unique in this subject area to have access to so many sources of information under one roof. IBRA has abstracts of almost every article published on the topic and in most cases the full paper is also available. We can produce bibliographies and conduct subject searches.

If I have in ignorance wandered too far into a medical field which is not my own or failed to cover in depth an issue of particular interest – forgive me. I am but the curator of a national, no international, treasury of Scientific research that you are welcome to use and visit. In that way you will support us in our task of maintaining and developing our resources for future reference.

Further reading

A 76-page reprint of the 2-part article by Peter Molan ‘The antibacterial activity of honey’, published in Bee World (1992), is available from the IBRA BookShop priced £2.70 (includes p & p to a UK address; add 10% (surface) or 15% (airmail) for delivery elsewhere.

A selected annotated bibliography on ‘Honey in medicine’ is available from the Librarian, IBRA, 18 North Road, Cardiff, UK. Price £2.50 (including p & p to a UK address, or £3 elsewhere).

References

1. CRANE, E (1979) Honey: a comprehensive survey. Heinemann; London,, UK.

2. CRANE, E (1983) The archaeology of beekeeping. Duckworth; London, UK.

3. MANJO, G (1 975) The healing hand. Harvard University Press; USA.

4. HILL, J (1759) The virtues of honey. Davis; London, UK.

5. ZUMLA, A; LULAT. A (1989) Honey – a remedy rediscovered. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82: 384-385.

6. BOSE, B (1983) Honey or sugar in the treatment of infected wounds. The Lancet April: 963.

7. BANBY, M A et al. (1988) Healing effect of floral honey from sugar-fed bee, on surgical wounds (animal model). Proceedings of the 4th International conference on apiculture in tropical climates, Cairo, 1988. IBRA; Cardiff, UK; pp 46-49.

8. SUBRAHMANYAM, S (1991) Topical application of honey in the treatment of burns. British Journal of Surgery 78: 497-498.

9. EFEM. S E E (1988) Clinical observations of the wound healing properties of honey, British Journal of Surgery 75: 679-681

10. KAEGI, C (1995) Honey for healing. Schweitzerische, Bienen-zeitung 118: 590, 592.

11. REIDER, K (1995) Wound and treatment with honey. Schweitzerische Bienen-zeitung 118: 579.

12. HAFFEJEE, L E; MOOSA, A (1985) Honey in the treatment of infectious gastroenteritis. British Medical Journal 290: 1866-1867.

13, SOMAL, N A et al (1994) Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to antiobiotic activity of manuka honey, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87: 497-498.

14. SUBRAHMANYAM, S (1993) Storage of skin grafts in honey. Lancet 341: 63-64

RICHARD JONES

Director, IBRA

International Bee Research Association

18 North Road, Cardiff, CFI 3DY, UK

Tele: +44 (0) 1222 372409

Fax: +44 (0) 1222 665522

E.mail: ibra@cardiff.ac.uk

Web: http://www.cf.ac.uk/ibra/

[lvi] Address: Department of Chest Diseases, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

[lvii] Spores found in 2% of honey samples but 20% of corn syrup samples.

Spanish: En un 2% de muestras de miel fueron encontrados esporos, pero tambien en un
20% de las muestras de almíbares.

[lviii] Aim of Work: We have found an inhibitory effect for clover type of honey upon GS-9L glioma cell line (abstract 315), so, our aim was to identify the possible ultra-structural changes upon normal brain with local application of honey.
Material & Methods: Clover type of honey, 12 rats with average weight of 200 grams and dextrose 50% as a control. When we started with a volume of 75-100 micron to be injected in the right cerebral hemisphere, it was noticed that in mainly the dextrose group signs of meningism, irritability, repeated biting of its tail, scratching of its head and even death in some have been occurred. With revision of our trial using only25- 50 micron of honey compared to the same volume of dextrose 50% to be injected in the right cerebral hemisphere, these signs apparently diminished.
The rats were sacrificed after 1,2,3,7,15 & 30 days.
Intra-cerebral and intra-ventricular heamatoma was found in 4 rats of dextrose group and not found in honey group.
Semithin sections from each group have been done:
In the dextrose group: areas of necrosis, hge and severe congestion.
In honey group: mild to moderate congestion, no hge, thickened wall of blood vessels and in one case moderate area of necrosis was found.
Selected samples from each group have been taken for electron microscope study:
E/M of dextrose group: Rupture & swollen of mitochondria, cytoplasm vacuolation in glial cells, congested blood capillaries, hge, necrosis, swollen of axons of perivascular plexus, destructive myelin and dextrose crystals in & outside neuroglial cells.
E/M of honey group: Changes are restricted to the first 2 or 3 days. Mild congestion & myelin degeneration in one case.
Glial cells proliferation and otherwise normal

[lix] Purpose: To find a safe and effective treatment for gliomas. We have found an inhibitory effect for honey and its bee pollen upon GS-9L cell line, and the ultra-structural changes with local application of honey upon normal rat brain compared to dextrose 50% were also identified (abstracts 275 and 316).
Materials & Methods: Clover type of honey and its bee pollen; umbrella of dexamethasone, phenytoin, dehydrating measures, ranitidine and may be antibiotic.
Through a burr hole, biopsy was taken and 1-3 ml of honey was injected intra or/and near tumour site and this was repeated 8 times during a course of 6-8 weeks.
Adverse reaction: Meningism, headache, fever, disturbed level of consciousness and hypertension. Follow-up C.T and / or MRI of brain have been done during and after our course.
Result: Gradual reduction in mass size started to appear just 2 weeks from beginning of the course of treatment and after more than 5 years follow up, no recurrence.
I assumed tumour inhibitory factors (T.I.Fs) to be found in honey protein and pollen.
Honey as well has acidic pH improper to glioma cells growth.
Actually, I introduce honey and its bee pollen to be as a penicillin revolution in the management of malignant brain tumour to be applied intracranially and/or intrathecally through possible 2 mechanisms: tumour inhibitory factors, apoptotic factors and pH change.

[lx] Introduction: The prognosis of many types of malignancy still poor or very poor in spite of the great advances in management. One of those categories with very poor prognosis is malignant glioma. So, any trend aims to have any solution for these challenges must be evaluated.

Materials and Methods: 8 types of malignant cell lines (glioma GS-9L, hepatoma HTC, sarcoma XC, fibrosarcoma RT1, breast carcinoma MCF7, leukemia K-562, leukemia HL-60 and lung carcinoma COR-L23); 8 types of honey, bee pollen, floral pollen and dextrose 50%. After cell growth, 50 microns of every type of honey was added to the culture media of each cell line compared to the same volume of dextrose 50% in one group. In another group, 20 milligrams of every type of bee pollen was introduced to each cell line compared to the same weight and type of floral pollen.

Number of cells was counted in each case.

Result: Number of cells was apparently diminished in certain types of cell lines with specific type of honey.
The same result was obtained with the same type of bee pollen and not floral pollen.
Samples from each type of cell lines were taken to identify the possible ultra-structural changes and possible mechanisms through electron microscope study.

Conclusion: Each type of honey has an optimum inhibitory effect upon certain types of cell lines but not the others. Each type of bee pollen but not floral has the same inhibitory effect and specification.

Biologically active materials have been postulated to be found in bee pollen and not in floral pollen: worker bee related factors let us call W.Factors and pollen related factors let us call P.Factors.

Tumour Inhibitory Factors (T.I.Fs) have been assumed to bee found in honey protein and bee pollen.

Extension trial with larger number of malignant cell lines and much more various types of honey and bee pollen must be done.

[lxi] IMKEREIERZEUGNISSE IN DER KOMPLEXEN BEHANDLUNG

DER PATIENTEN MIT CHRONISCHER BRONCHITIS
N.D. Kirienko
A.I. Tcherkasova
L.I. Zaharteva
V.P. Gladtchun
V.A. Klevanik
L.A. Kiiko (USSR)

Bei 104 Patienten mit chronischer Bronchitis erfolgte die Analyse der Dynamik der Laborkennwerte, der klinischen Daten, der nichtspezifischen Widerstandsfähigkeitskennwerte und der Immunoglobuline. Bei 56 Patienten wurden traditionelle Behandlungsmethoden angewandt, bei 48 Patienten wurden auch Propolis und Honig inhaliert. Der Vergleich der klinischen, Labor- und Immunoglobulin-Indizes bewies die Wirksamkeit der Einführung von Honig und Propolis in die komplexe Behandlung der Patienten mit chronischer Bronchitis. Die Aufenthaltdauer in der Heilanstalt wurde um 3-4 Tage verkürzt. Außerdem war gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe die Rückfäligkeit der Krankheit in der Versuchsgruppe zweimal niedriger.
S.524

[lxii] Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Queensland, Australia.

[lxiii] Wounds in animals are a common and frequent reason for seeking veterinary attention. The way in which wounds are managed affect the rate of healing, the time to return to normal function, the final cosmetic appearance, and hence the satisfaction of customers. The management of wounds depends on the stage of wound healing and can include irrigation, mechanical and chemical debridement, the use of antiseptics and antimicrobials, adherent and nonadherent dressings, and miscellaneous topical applications such as aloe vera, honey and live yeast cell derivative. The advantages, disadvantages and indications for initial wound management, topical applicants and dressings are discussed.

Publication Types:
Review
Review, tutorial

PMID: 9247688, UI: 97390853.

[lxiv] Address: Dept. of Internal Medicine Sant’Orsola Hospital, Brescia, Italy.

[lxv] Honey and royal jelly are complex etherogeneous mixtures of flowers’ nectar, sugars, proteins and bee’s glandular secretions. The existence of a type I hypersensitivity to honey is still matter of debate, while an aetiological role of Compositae pollens in the clinical manifestations following honey ingestion has been envisaged. We describe two cases of severe systemic reactions (anaphylaxis and generalized urticaria/angioedema) due to honey and royal jelly ingestion in patients sensitized to compositae (mugwort). Both patients had a skin and RAST positivity to mugwort and a positive prick-by-prick to the offending foods. Moreover, in one of the two patients the RAST-inhibition assay showed the strong cross-reactivity between the proteins of honey and mugwort and the SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the major proteic bands from honey and mugwort extracts are largely superimposable. Both the clinical data and the laboratory analysis support the hypothesis of a strict link between sensitization to compositae and adverse reactions to honey and jelly.

PMID: 9934408, UI: 99133171

[lxvi] Makashvilli, Z. A.; Kathzazde, G. K. and Sakvarelidze, N. K. (1971) (USSR) – Propriétés antimicrobiennes du distillat du miel,
in Pcelovostvo 91 (1), p.31.

Result of melange of 3 fractions obtained by distilation of honey, is inhibitor for Bacterium coli communis, Bacterium paracoli, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella flexneri, Shigella stutzeri, Staphylococus aureus, Streptococus aureus, Streptococus haemoliticus and Clostridium perfringens with Staphilococus albus.

[lxvii] Din volumul “Albinele si Produsele lor”, Editura Ceres, Bucuresti, 1997.

[lxviii] THE USE OF HONEY AND POLLEN IN THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER PATIENTS

J. MICKEVICIUS, V. MILASIENE, P. BREIVIS, R. KERSIENE, G NARBUTIENE, K. KADZIAUSKIENE, V. NORKIENE

(LITHUANIA)

Our investigation indicates positive changes caused by honey and pollen in the immune and antioxidative systems, when applying surgical treatment to gastric and colon-rectal cancer patients.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of honey and pollen on the immune system and on the antioxidative and blood-forming systems in gastric and colon-rectal cancer patients, when they are administered chemopreparations.

76 patients with gastric and colon-rectal cancer have been investigated, as they were administered chemopreparations. 41 of them used honey and pollen simultaneously with the specific treatment and 35 used chemopreparations, but no bee products.

The Lithuanian Nutrition Center performed hygienic, chemical composition and biological analyses on honey and pollen.

The hematological indicators (leucocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophiles, monocytes, thrombocytes); the indicators of cell and humoral immunity (T-lymphocytes (CD₃⁺), T-helper cells (CD₄⁺), T-cytotoxic cells (CD₈⁺), B-lymphocytes (CD₂₀⁺), natural killers (CD₁₆⁺): the blast level and the activity of neutrophiles (by the NTB test), as well as the G, A, M class immunoglobulin concentration in the peripheral blood circulation and the indices that reflect the activity of the antioxidant system (DK and MDA value and SOD -superoxydismutasis- activity) were determined in the respective patients.

The analysis of the data obtained showed that the patients who did not use bee products had a lower level of CD₃⁺, CD₄⁺, CD₈⁺, CD₂₀⁺ and CD₁₆⁺ cells but the MDA concentration in their peripheral blood circulation increased. Other statistical indicators did not change.

In the patients using bee products, we noticed an increase in the number of CD₃⁺ cells during the treatment, while the number of CD₄⁺, CD₈⁺, CD₂₀⁺ and CD₁₆⁺ cells did not change statistically and the MDA and DK value decreased in the peripheral blood circulation.
In this group, the number of thrombocytes also decreased during the treatment.

The results obtained indicate that bee products cause positive changes in some indicators of the immune and antioxidative systems in patients with gastric and colon-rectal cancer in the third and the fourth stage, when they are subject to chemotherapy.

p.122-123

[lxix] Nine of 90 honey samples showed presence of spores, and 6 of the 9 had been fed to babies who developed botulism.

[lxx] Molan, C. Peter (1992) – The Antibacterial Activity of Honey. 2. Variation in the Potency of the Antibacterial Activity,
in Bee World 73 (2), pp.59-76.
There have been several studies in which honey from the conifer forests of

the mountainous regions of central Europe have been found to have

particularly high activity. This honey is not from a nectar source, but is

the honeydew collected from aphids sucking the sap from the leaves of the

trees. Honey from sweet chestnut, a nectar source, has also been reported

to have high activity, but is considered to be dark in colour because it is

partly honeydew. Another dark coloured honey, from manuka in New Zealand,

has also been found to have a high level of activity. Roth et al.

commented on the association of high activity with dark coloured honeys in

their study of Canadian honeys.

Heather honey, which has a fairly dark colour, has been found to have a

high level of activity antibacterial in one study, but a fairly low or low

level of activity in others. Rape honey has also been found to have a high

level of activity in one study, but a fairly low or low level of activity

in others. Linden honey has been found in several studies to have a fairly

high level of activity, but a fairly low level of activity in others.

Clover honey has been consistently found to have low activity, and cotton

honey high activity.

[lxxi] Address: Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Kanagawa, Japan.

[lxxii] Disposition profile of ampicillin (ABPC) among honeybees, larvae, honey and royal jelly in a hive after oral dosing to adult bees was studied. Four honeybee colonies were administered the single dose of ABPC at the rate of 30 mg/hive by addition to sugar syrup or pollen substitute (paste) for 1 day intake. The colonies received ABPC in syrup showed high drug residue levels in honey and it lasted over 14 days beyond the detection limit of residual analysis. In the hives given ABPC in paste, relatively low honey residues were found, however, the distributions of the drug in young larvae and jelly which was the food of the larvae were very low. ABPC was considered to be a promising drug for the control of American foulbrood, an important bacterial disease of honeybee larvae, because of its high antibacterial activity to the pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae, and instability of residue in honey as human food. The low distribution in young larvae, the target of the disease, threw a doubt on the efficacy of ABPC for American foulbrood control.
PMID: 9342699, UI: 98002091.

[lxxiii] CREMOPHOR RH60 – extract of propolis, honey, menthol, eucalyptol, essentials oils.

[lxxiv] APITHERAPIEERZEUGNISSE FÜR NASEN-, OHREN- UND HALSLEIDEN

Elena Palos, Filofteia Popescu, Cristina Mateescu (Romania)
Im Rahmen des Apitherapie-Arzneizentrums von Bukarest bewiesen wir in der Behandlung von Nasen-, Ohren- und Haisleiden die hohe therapeutische Wirksamkeit der Bienenprodukte, die wir bei akuten und chronischen Entzündungen der oberen Atemwege verwendet haben : Rhinopharingitis, Rhinopharingolaringitis, Rhinopharingoamigdalitis, Rhinosinusitis, Mittelohrentzündungen, usw.

Zur Förderung der Reaktion der Patienten wurden Propolis und die anderen Bienenerzeugnisse (Honig, Pollen, Weiselfuttersaft) sowohl intern als auch extern angewendet, wie Tropfen, Aerosol, Gurgeln, Bepinseln, Auftragen von Salben, usw. Außerdem wurde auch allgemein mit konditionierten Apitherapieprodukten behandelt (Dragées, Lösungen, Sirup, usw.).

Die Medikamente stammten aus dem Forschungslabor für Apitherapie. Sie sind alle vom Institut für Staatliche Kontrolle der Arzneimittel und Pharmazie-forschungen des Gesundheitsministeriums unseres Landes bewilligt.
S. 527-528

[lxxv] VERWENDUNG DER BIENENPRODUKTE IN AUGENLEIDEN

M.P. POPESCU
Dana Alexandru POPESCU
M. POPESCU
Elena PALOS
Filofteia POPESCU (Romania)

Produkte mit Honig, Weiselfuttersaft und Propolis wurden lokal und im allgemeinen bei Behandlung von Augenleiden angewendet. Mit Apitherapieprodukten wurden 492 Kranke behandelt, die periodisch zwischen 5 und 10 Jahren untersucht wurden. In 383 Fällen konnte die Sehschärfe beibehalten werden, beim Rest der 109 Kranken wurde kein Erfolg verzeichnet. Bei einer Kontrollgruppe von 162 Fällen mit üblicher Behandlung waren nur 32 Fälle erfolgreich.
S. 529

[lxxvi] Address: Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas-Seccion de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Investigacion Clinica, Madrid.

[lxxvii] A 34-year-old Spanish woman with a lifelong history of seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis and honey intolerance (pyrosis and abdominal pain) developed, 3 weeks after starting ingestion of bee pollen, astenia, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, peripheral blood hypereosinophilia and elevated serum total IgE levels. A duodenal biopsy showed eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosal layer. Other causes of hypereosinophilia were not found. Repeated parasitological stool studies, as well as a duodenal aspirate showed negative results. Symptoms, hypereosinophilia and elevated IgE levels resolved after bee pollen ingestion was stopped. This is a typical case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis by ingestion of bee pollen in a woman with intolerance to honey, because the patient fulfilled the usual diagnostic criteria: gastrointestinal symptoms were present, eosinophilic infiltration of the digestive tract was demonstrated by biopsy, no eosinophilic infiltration of other organs was found and the presence of parasites was excluded. Honey intolerance and/or bee pollen administration should be considered as a cause of eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
PMID: 9324586, UI: 97323354.

[lxxviii] BEHANDLUNG VON LEIDEN DER WEIBLICHEN GESCHLECHTS-

ORGANE MIT APITHERAPIEERZEUGNISSEN

S. ROMAN
Elena PALOS
Cristina MATEESCU (Romania)

Verfolgt wurde bei 137 Kranken die Wirkung der Propolis in entzündlichen Distrophieerkrankungen des weiblichen Geschlechtsapparats. Die in 5 Gruppen ein-geteilten Patientinnen wurden außer der üblichen Medikamentation auch mit Propolis behandelt (Propoliszäpfchen, Propolissalbe, Propolistinktur, Propolisspray). Nach 25-35 Tagen erhielten wir in 53 Fällen sehr gute Ergebnisse, in 24 Fällen gute und in 28 Fällen zufriedenstellende. Nur in 16 Fällen hatten wir keinen Erfolg.

Daraus geht hervor, daß die Bienenprodukte die antiseptische, antifungizide und antitrichomoniasische Wirkung der üblichen Arzneimittel unterstützen und zu einer schnelleren Heilung verhelfen.

S. 530

[lxxix] TWO DECUBITUS ULCERATIONS PATIENTS, IN CRITICAL CONDITION,

TREATED WITH HONEY AND PROPOLIS

459 Rosa MORFI SAMPER, A. PEREZ PINEIRO, Marta CABALLERO, J. RAMOS, L.A. CUZA, Teresa GIRAL RIVERA

(CUBA)

In the specialised literature, the fact that propolis is used to treat a wide range of skin diseases (dermatitis, eczema, herpes, various wounds, etc.), as it stimulates a rapid recovery and offers protection against infections, is well-known. Honey has also been used in traditional medicine to treat skin injuries. In the present report, we effected a clinic experiment in which we used honey and propolis to treat decubitus ulceration’s. It was demonstrated that this treatment is highly effective against decubitus ulcers. p.123

[lxxx] FRAGEN ZUR APITHERAPIE AN DR . STANGACIU

Imkerfreund # 2, 1997, Seite 25.

Verursacht die Einnahme von Honig und Pollen höhere Cholesterinwerte ?

Frau K. schrieb: Ich hatte eine schwere Erkältung, die ich mit einer Kombination aus Honig und Pollen geheilt habe. Doch nachdem die Erkältung vorbei war, hatte ich extrem hohe Cholesterinwerte.

Mein Arzt hat nun behauptet, daß diese hohen Cholesterinwerte durch die Einnahme von Honig und Pollen hervorgerufen würden.

Dazu antwortete Dr. Stangaciu folgendermaßen:

a) Honig und Bienenpollen enthalten nur sehr geringe Mengen an Fett (Cholesterin, Triglyceride, etc.). Darum nimmt man bei dem Konsum von Honig und Pollen keine großen Mengen von Fett auf.

b) Honig gibt dem Körper sehr gute, sofort verfügbare Energie. Eine amerikanische Studie zeigte, daß der Konsum von Süßigkeiten den Cholesteringehalt nicht beeinflußt, es ist sogar so, daß durch den Konsum von Süßigkeiten Fette (Lipide) leichter verbrannt werden. Man könnte also beispielsweise Honig mit Flugzeugbenzin vergleichen, während man dann Fett mit Rohöl vergleichen müßte.

c) Pollen aktiviert – neben anderen Dingen – auch den Anabolismus, das ist der Mechanismus im Körper, der für den Aufbau und die Regeneration von Zellen verantwortlich ist. Daher steigt mit der Polleneinnahme normalerweise der Appetit. Viele Studien (GHEORGHIEVA 1975; SERAFIN 1994) haben gezeigt, daß mit einer- Pollen-Langzeitkur der Gehalt von Cholesterin und anderen Fetten im Blut gesenkt werden kann.

d) Jede Person auf dieser Welt ist ein Individuum, daher ist der Stoffwechsel von Person zu Person verschieden. Es gibt Menschen, die große Mengen von Fett (z. B. Schweinefett) essen können und trotzdem einen normalen Cholesteringehalt im Blut haben. Es gibt viele Faktoren, die den Cholesterinspiegel im Blut beeinflussen. Lesen Sie auch Bücher, über Cholesterin, so daß Sie mehr über die Faktoren, die den Cholesterinspiegel im Blut beeinflussen, wissen.

e) Ich glaube, daß in Ihrem Falle, die Erhöhung des Cholersterinspiegels nützlich war, weil Sie eine Erklältung gehabt haben. Eine geringe Erhöhung des Cholesterinspiegels hilft normalerweise gegen Erkältungen. Andererseits könnte die Erhöhung des Cholesterinspiegels verursacht worden sein durch: – hohen Verzehr von Fetten (Butter,

Sahne, Rohmilch, Schweinefleisch)

– Saisonschwankungen (vor der kalten Jahreszeit steigt normalerweise der Gehalt von Blutfetten moderat an).

– Stress und ähnliches.

Mein Rat ist:

den täglichen Verzehr von Butter, Sahne und Schweinefleisch zu verringern,

Honig und Pollen auf lange Sicht, aber in kleinen Dosen und immer in Tee aufgelöst, zu sich zu nehmen. Meiner Meinung nach ist es besser für Sie, einen Teelöffel von Honig vor dem Frühstück und einen vor dem Mittagessen zu nehmen und 3 – 4 Teelöffel von Pollen nach den Mahlzeiten zu nehmen

– Propolis zu nehmen (roh 2 – 3 g pro Tag und Tinktur, 30 Tropfen/Tag)

– alle 3 – 4 Wochen eine medizinische Kontrolle vornehmen zu lassen. Wenn die anderen Parameter stimmen (Blutzucker, Proteine, Leberanalyse) und Sie sonst gesund sind, können Sie glücklich sein.”

[lxxxi] Address: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.

[lxxxii] Steinberg, D.; Kaine, G.; Gedalia, I. (1996) – Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria,
in Am J Dent, 9(6), pp.236-39 (abstract).

Purpose: To investigate the antibacterial properties of propolis and honey against oral bacteria in vitro and in vivo.
Materials and Methods: In vitro study: The antibacterial effects of propolis and honey on oral streptococci were determined using the broth method. Clinical study: The short-term antibacterial effect of propolis solution and honey on salivary total bacteria and Streptococcus mutans was tested in 10 volunteers. Results: Propolis demonstrated an antibacterial effect both in vitro on isolated oral streptococci and in the clinical study on salivary bacterial counts. Honey induced bacteria growth at low concentrations, while at high concentrations honey had an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in vitro. Salivary counts of total bacteria and Streptococcus mutans were lower for 1 hour after application of honey. The antibacterial effect of the honey tested may be attributed to its osmolarity effect.

[lxxxiii] Dipl.-Ing. (BA) TOBIAS STEVER

Privatwissenschaftliches Archiv Bienenkunde

Buchfinkenstraße 2, 76829 Landau/Pfalz

Tel.: 06341 – 280266 (dienstl.)

Tel.: 06341 – 51430 (priv. und Archiv)

Fax: 06341 – 280267 (dienstl.)

Fax: 06341 – 51430 (priv. und Archiv)

e-mail: stever@uni-landau.de”

[lxxxiv] Zur Qualität des deutschen Honigs

Imkerfreund # 6, Seiten 6-9, 1997.

Dipl.-Ing. (BA) TOBIAS STEVER

Privatwissenschaftliches Archiv Bienenkunde

Buchfinkenstraße 2, 76829 Landau/Pfalz

In Deutschland hat sich in den letzten Jahren ein Honigmarkt mit unterschiedlichen Facetten entwikkelt, auf dem neben großen Importeuren und Abfüllern auch die Imker und Direktvermarkter ihre Marktnische gefunden haben. Anhand der Preisgestaltung läßt sich der Honigmarkt grob in drei Kategorien unterteilen.

Zunächst einmal gibt es eine untere Preisgruppe, in der die Honige liegen, die zwischen DM 1,99 und DM 5, pro Pfund kosten. Dieses Marktsegment wird eigentlich völlig von Importhonigen abgedeckt, da in Deutschland Honig nicht zu diesem Preis produziert werden kann. Gelegentlich tauchen allerdings auch Sonderangebote von Abfüllstellen im Einheitsglas des Deutschen Imkerbundes (D.I.B.) mit vermeintlich schlecht zu verkaufenden Sorten auf. Hierbei handelt es mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeitjedoch lediglich um “Notverkäufe”, damit volle Lager geräumt werden können.

Die mittlere Gruppe beinhaltet die Honige, die preislich zwischen DM 5,- und DM 9,- je Pfund liegen. Hier bewegen sich zum einen die Mischhonige der Imker, die meist im Einheitsglas abgefüllt werden. Zum anderen werden aber auch in dieser Preislage importierte Sortenhonige (mit besserer Qualität als in der unteren Preisgruppe) angeboten. In der oberen Preisgruppe (mind. DM 9,- je Pfund) liegen besondere Sortenhonige im Einheitsglas, beispielsweise Heide- oder Tannenhonige. Auch kann man hier besondere Sortenhonige von Abfüllstellen finden. Dazu kommen noch einige exquisite Sortenhonige aus dem Ausland, die nur in speziellen Feinkostgeschäften zu erhalten sind.

Die deutschen Imker bewegen sich mit ihren Produkten im oberen Abschnitt der Preisskala. Ihre Kundschaft ist also bereit, aus verschiedenen Gründen einen höheren Preis zu bezahlen. Im Gegenzug erwarten sie meist auch eine über dem Durchschnitt liegende Qualität. Um weiterhin auf dem Markt bestehen zu können, ist es also wichtig, ein Produkt mit hohem Qualitätsstandard anbieten zu können.

Wie hoch ist die Qualität des “Echten Deutschen Honigs” wirklich?

Um jedoch in der Werbung mit einer besonders hohen Qualität argumentieren zu können, muß gewährleistet sein, daß sich diese auch tatsächlich auf einem hohen Niveau befindet. Deshalb hat der D.I.B. verbindlich festgeschrieben, welche Kriterien ein Honig erfüllen muß, damit er unter seinen Warenzeichen (Einheitsglas, Gewährverschluß) abgefüllt und verkauft werden darf.

Um zu kontrollieren, ob die Warenzeichensatzung von den Imkern und den Abfüllern auch eingehalten wird, führt der D.I.B. jedes Jahr sogenannte Honigrnarktkontrollen durch. Dabei werden bei Probenentnahme Ziehungen im fertigen Gebinde (verkaufsfer-tiger Honig im Deutschen Einheitsglas) vorgenommen. Auf diese Weise kann neben dem Honig auch die Aufmachung beurteilt werden.

Aus Abbildung 1 geht hervor, wieviel Markt- und Verkehrsproben in den letzten zehn Jahren (1986 bis 1995) durch den D.I.B. untersucht wurden. Orientierungsproben (Voruntersuchungen) wurden nicht berücksichtigt.

Es ist deutlich zu erkennen, daß die Zahl aller Proben seit 1993 deutlich angestiegen ist. Dies liegt daran, daß die Imker vermehrt kontrolliert wurden. Die Proben der Abfüllstellen sind im gleichen Zeitraum etwa gleichgeblieben. Über den gesamten Zeitraum betrachtet ist die Kontrolle der Abfüllstellen in der Tendenz leicht rückläufig.

Die Ergebnisse

der Honigmarktkontrolle

Für den betrachteten Zeitraum ist in Abbildung 2 der Anteil der untersuchten und beanstandeten Honigproben dargestellt. Der Anteil berechnet sich aus demverhältnis der beanstandeten zu den untersuchten Proben.

Die Kurve “Gesamt” beinhaltet die Ergebnissen der Imker und der Abfüllstellen. Da in den letzten Jahren die Zahl der Proben bei den Imkern stark zugenommen hat, ist diese Kurve aufgrund des Ungleichgewichts zwischen Imkern und Abfüllern nicht sehr aussagekräftig. Die Ergebnisse der Imker und der Abfüllstellen müssen deshalb getrennt betrachtet werden.

Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen der Imkerhonige zeigen in den ersten Jahren einen steilen Anstieg beiden beanstandeten Proben. 1990 erfüllten 70,5 % (!) der Proben mindestens einen Punkt der Warenzeichensatzung nicht. Seither ist der Anteil an mangelhaften Honigen stetig zurückgegangen und lag 1995 bei 34,0 %. Die Grafik zeigt deutlich, daß in der Tendenz die Beanstandungen bei Honigen von Abfüllstellen bis 1992 stetig zugenommen haben und sich seither auf dem hohen Niveau von’O etwa 50 % eingependelt haben. Das

verbesserte Ergebnis des Jahres 1990 ändert hieran grundsätzlich nichts. Um nach den Ursachen für diese sicherlich überraschend hohen Fehlerquoten zu suchen, ist es notwendig, die Gründe für das Ausscheiden der Proben zu ermitteln:

In Abbildung 3 sind die Honige dargestellt, die aufgrund von Beanstandungen in der Aufmachung aufgefallen sind. Es wurden Mängel bei der Sortenbezeichnung, dem Gewicht oder der äußeren Aufmachung festgestellt.

Wie in der Gesamtbeurteilung hat bei der Aufmachung das Ergebnis der Imker 1990 einen Höchstwert mit 67,2 % erreicht. Seither ist eine kontinuierliche Verbesserung auf 25,7 % im Jahr 1995 zu verzeichnen. Auch bei den Abfüllstellen ergibt die Auswertung ein ähnliches Bild wie bei der Gesamtbeurteilung: Über den gesamten Zeitraum betrachtet hat sich das Ergebnis verschlechtert.

In Abbildung 4 sind die Honige dargestellt, die aufgrund von Beanstandungen in der Qualität aufgefallen sind. Hier waren entweder die Werte des Wasser-, HMF- oder Invertasegehaltes ungenügend, es wurde ausländischer Pollen gefunden oder der Honig war bereits gärig. Die Beanstandungen der Aufmachung (Abbildungen 3) und der Qualität (Abbildung 4) können in der Summe höher sein als die Beanstandungen insgesamt, da bei der Analyse eines Honigs mehrere Beanstandungen festgestellt werden konnten.

Bei der Interpretation der Untersuchungsergebnisse der Honigqualität ist es aufgrund der starken Schwankungen schwer, eindeutige Aussagen zu treffen. Tendenziell läßt sich folgendes festhalten:

Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen der Imkerhonige zeigen bis 1989 einen steilen Anstieg bei den beanstandeten Proben. 1990 fielen 29,0 % der Proben durch. Seither ist der Anteil an mangelhaften Honigen zurückgegangen und lag 1995 bei 18,9 %.

Läßt man das Jahr 1987 außer Betracht, so hat sich die Qualität der Proben der Abfüllstellen stetig verschlechtert und 1995 mit 38,1 % einen vorläufigen Höhepunkt erreicht.

Zusammenfassend läßt sich sagen, daß die Beanstandungen der Imkerhonige in den letzten Jahren rückläufig waren, während bei den Abfüllstellen die mangelhaften Proben immer häufiger vorkommen. Bei den Imkern hat sich seit Anfang der 90er Jahre eine kontinuierliche Verbesserung vollzogen, so daß ihre Ergebnisse durchweg besser waren als die der Abfüllstellen.

Welche Schlüsse kann man aus diesen Zahlenangaben ziehen?

Die oben dargestellten Ergebnisse der Honigmarktanalyse lassen je nach Sichtweise und Interessenlage verschiedene Interpretationen zu. Die Gegner des Einheitsglases und des Werbekonzepts des D.I.B. werden in Frage stellen, daß man unter diesenUmständenmitdemArgument “besonders hohe Qualität” werben kann. Die Gegner der Abfüllstellen werden sagen können, daß die Abfüller am guten Ruf der Imker kratzen und auf deren Kosten ihren vermeintlich schlechteren Honig vermerkten.

Auch wenn vergleichende Zahlen für Honige in neutralen Gläsern und von anderen Anbietern auf dem Markt fehlen, so stellen insgesamt die oben aufgeführten Ergebnisse sowohl für die Imkerschaft als auch besonders für die Abfüllstellen sicherlich kein Ruhmesblatt dar. Statt jedoch invorwürfe und gegenseitige Beschimpfungen auszubrechen, sollte jeder einzelne selbst überlegen, wie er helfen kann, die Situation zu verbessern.

Im nachfolgenden werden einige Lösungsansätze zur Verbesserung der Situation vorgeschlagen. Hier ist ebenso wie bei der Analyse des Zahlenmaterials eine Differenzierung zwischen Imker und Abfüllstelle sinnvoll.

Was kann die Imkerschaft machen?

Die Tatsache, daß sich die Ergebnisse der Imker seit etwa 1990 verbessert haben, läßt sich nicht auf die stark erhöhte Zahl der Probenahmen zurückführen. Dies läßt sich schon allein deshalb ausschließen, da erst 1993 vermehrt Proben bei Imkern gezogen wurden.

Gründe könnten die vermehrten Aktivitäten des D.I.B. in der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und in der Werbung sein. Auch ist sicherlich die Einführung des Sachkundenachweises “Honig” durch den D.I.B. und das verstärkte Schulungsangebot der einzelnen Verbände und Institute anzufahren. Diese Aktivitäten waren ein guter Anfang. Es muß jetzt aber verhindert werden, daß sie sich als Strohfeuer entpuppen. Außerdem belegen die Zahlen der Honigmarktkontrolle, daß man sich nicht zufrieden zurücklehnen darf. Es kann nicht sein, daß fast jede fünfte Probe aufgrund einer mangelnden Honigqualität durch die Qualitätsnormen des D.I.B. fällt. Diese hat sich schließlich jeder Imker selbst auferlegt, indem er sich für die Benutzung des Einheitsglases entschieden hat.

Um in Zukunft bessere Ergebnisse zu erzielen, müssen die Imker verstärkt auf die Qualität ihrer Produkte achten. Dies gilt besonders für die Imker, die das Einheitsglas verwenden und sich mit diesem in der Öffentlichkeit präsentieren. In den Honigschulungen müssen neben der Vermittlung von Kenntnissen zur Gewinnung und Behandlung von Honig verstärkt die Themengebiete Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Vermarktung behandelt werden. Es ist ernsthaft darüber nachzudenken, ob die Schulungen zur Erlangung des Sachkundenachweises für alle Imker verbindlich vorzuschreiben sind und alle fünf Jahre wiederholt werden müssen. Auch wenn der Aufwand hierfür enorm hoch ist, so ist es vermutlich der einzige Weg, eine flächendeckende und effiziente Schulung der Imker zu gewährleisten.

Wie läßt sich die Honigqualität der Abfüllstellen verbessern?

Bei den Imkern ergeben sich viele Probleme durch die individuelle Gestaltung der Imkerei. Oft ist eine professionelle Ausstattung aufgrund der geringen Völkerzahlen nicht möglich. Einige Einrichtungen stehen nur im Sommer provisorisch für den Imkereibetrieb zur Verfügung, beispielsweise der Schleuderraum.

Im Gegensatz dazu müssen die Abfüllstellen industriell arbeiten, um sich auf dem hart umkämpften Honigmarkt behaupten zu können. Deshalb muß hier bei der Qualitätsverbesserung auch zu industriellen Maßnahmen gegriffen werden. Es bietet sich an, daß sich die Abfüllstellen nach ISO 9000 ff zertifizieren lassen. Diese Vorgehensweise zur Qualitätssicherung kann man in letzter Zeit bei immer mehr Unternehmen aus den verschiedensten Bereichen beobachten und beliebige Produkte mit einem Emblem mit dem Text “Betrieb zertifiziert nach ISO 9001” entdecken.

Bei dieser Zertifizierung handelt es sich um Anwendung der internationalen Normenreihe ISO 9000 ff zur Qualitätssicherung, die ihren Ursprung in der Automobilindustrie hat. Sie ist jedoch sehr allgemein formuliert, so daß sie bei jedem Produktionsbetrieb oder Dienstleistungsunternehmen angewendet werden kann. Dabei ist die Größe des Unternehmens unwichtig. Die Spannbreite reicht inzwischen von Rechtsanwaltskanzleien bis zu Mineralwasserabfüllern.

Inhalt dieser Normen ist ein Leitfaden über die verschiedenen Elemente eines QualitätssicherungsSystems. Es werden grundsätzliche Begriffe des Qualitätsmanagements (QM) erklärt, der Aufbau eines QMSystems beschrieben und Forderungen an die Unternehmensleitung, an den Einkauf, an die Produktion, an das Marketing und denverkauf dargelegt.

Allerdings enthält die Norm keine Vorgaben, an die sich der Anwender halten kann und damit ein System besitzt, im Rahmen dessen er fehlerfreie Ware produzieren kann. Sie dient lediglich als Anleitung zum Aufbau eines eigenen QM-Systems. Allerdings sind sogenannte Forderungen an die Qualitätssicherung in Form von 20 Elementen zu erfüllen. Die Einführung eines QM-Systems nach der ISO 9000 ff in einem Betrieb ist weder einfach noch billig. Deshalb ist ihre Einführung sicherlich nur für die Abfüllstellen und wenige große Imkereibetriebe interessant.

Die Imkerorganisationen und Honigabfüller in Australien haben vor einiger Zeit ein Konzept (Code of Practise) zur Qualitätssicherung erarbeitet, das auf dieser ISO 9000 ff basiert. Die Darstellung dieser Aktivitäten würden sicherlich den Umfang dieses Beitrages sprengen.

Die ersten Erfahrungen aus der Praxis in Australien müßten in der nächsten Zeit vorliegen. Es gilt dann gegebenenfalls Überlegungen zu einer ähnlichen Umsetzung der Norm in Deutschland zu erarbeiten. Vielleicht ist aber auch ein völlig anderes Konzept sinnvoller. Gedanken und Überlegungen hierzu werden zu gegebener Zeit folgen.

Zusammenfassend läßt sich sagen, daß dringend Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Qualität unserer Imkereiprodukte getroffen werden müssen, um erfolgreich auf dem Markt bestehen zu können. Diese Maßnahmen müssen aber individuell gestaltet und an die Bedürfnisse des einzelnen angepaßt werden

Entscheidend für alle Betroffenen, sowohl Imker als auch Abfüller, ist die innere Überzeugung, nur hochwertige Qualität produzieren zu wollen. Ebenso wichtig ist die Einstellung aller im Betrieb Beteiligten, ständig ihre Abläufe zu überdenken und zu Verbesserungen bereit zu sein. Es gilt der Satz: “Qualität beginnt im Kopf!”.

Literatur

[l] Deutscher Imkerbund: Tätigkeitsberichte der Jahre 1986 bis 1996.

[2] DUSTMANN, H. J.: “Lerninhalte/ Lernziele für den Honiglehrgang”; Deutsches Imker-Journal, Heft 3,1992, Heft 5, S. 184.

[lxxxv] Department of Surgery, Dr Vaishampayan Memorial Medical College, Maharashtra,

India.

[lxxxvi] Histological and clinical studies of wound healing have been made on comparable

fresh partial thickness burns with honey dressing or silver sulfadiazine (SSD)

in two groups of 25 randomly allocated patients. Of the wounds treated with

honey 84 per cent showed satisfactory epithelialization by the 7th day, and in

100 per cent of the patients by the 21st day. In wounds treated with silver

sulfadiazine, epithelialization occurred by the 7th day in 72 per cent of the

patients and in 84 per cent of patients by 21 days. Histological evidence of

reparative activity was seen in 80 per cent of wounds treated with the honey

dressing by the 7th day with minimal inflammation. Fifty two per cent of the

silver sulfadiazine treated wounds showed reparative activity with inflammatory

changes by the 7th day. Reparative activity reached 100 per cent by 21 days

with the honey dressing and 84 per cent with SSD. Thus in honey dressed wounds,

early subsidence of acute inflammatory changes, better control of infection and

quicker wound healing was observed while in the SSD treated wounds sustained

inflammatory reaction was noted even on epithelialization.

[lxxxvii] Describes culturing method to detect spores in honey. Survey carried out found some spores of both type A and B.

[lxxxviii] TAHMAZ, LUTFI, ERDEMIR, FIKRET, KIBAR, YUSUF, COSAR, AHMET & YALCÝN, ORHAN (2006) – Fournier’s gangrene: Report of thirty-three cases and a review of the literature,
in the International Journal of Urology 13 (7), 960-967.

Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is an extensive fulminant infection of the genitals, perineum or the abdominal wall. The aim of this study is to share our experience with the management of this difficult infectious disease. Thirty-three male patients were admitted to our clinic with the diagnosis of FG between February 1988 and December 2003. The patient’s age, etiology and predisposing factors, microbiological findings, and duration of hospital stay, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups. The first 21 patients (Group I) were treated with broad-spectrum triple antimicrobial therapy, broad debridement, exhaustive cleaning, and then they underwent split-thickness skin grafts or delayed closure as needed. The other 12 patients (Group II) were treated with unprocessed honey (20-50 mL daily) and broad-spectrum triple antimicrobial therapy without debridement. Their wounds were cleaned with saline and then dressed with topical unprocessed honey. The wounds were inspected daily and the honey was reapplied after cleaning with normal saline. Then, the patients’ scrotum and penis were covered with their own new scrotal skin. The mean age of the patients was 53.9 +/- 9.56 years (range = 23-71). The source of the gangrene was urinary in 23 patients, cutaneous in seven patients, and perirectal in three patients. The predisposing factors included diabetes mellitus for 11 patients, alcoholism for 10 patients, malnutrition for nine patients, and medical immunosuppression (chemotherapy, steroids, malignancy) for three patients. The mean duration of hospital stay was 41 +/- 10.459 (range = 14-54) days. Two patients in Group I died from severe sepsis. The clinical and cosmetic results were better in Group II than Group I. Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genitalia is a severe condition with a high morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, good management is based on aggressive debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and intensive supportive care but unprocessed honey might revolutionize the treatment of this dreadful disease by reducing its cost, morbidity, and mortality.

PMID: 16882063 [PubMed – in process]

Correspondence

Fikret Erdemir, MD,
Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Urology,
Ankara 06018, Turkey.
Email: fikreterdemir@mynet.com

[lxxxix] Address: Nyfodtseksjonen, Barneklinikken, Rikshospitalet, Oslo.

[xc] Infant botulism, first described in 1976, is the most common form of botulism. The majority of cases are reported from the USA. The disease is rare in Europe, and this article describes the first patient reported in Norway. A three-month-old boy of Norwegian origin who had been fed Argentinian honey developed symptoms of botulism. Electromyography showed presynaptic neuromuscular dysfunction. The diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin in the faeces. After supportive treatment, breast-milk feeding and lactobacillus supplementation he made a complete recovery. If spores of C. botulinum are ingested, they can bind to the epithelium, germinate and produce toxin which causes botulism. Because of the composition of their intestinal flora, children below one year of age are at risk. Ingestion of honey is a well known risk factor. Contamination of Norwegian honey has never been reported but we recommend that honey should not be given to children during their first year of life.
PMID: 9889606, UI: 99106280.

[xci] Joe Traynor is a beekeeper who operates a bee pollination (rental) service in

California’s San Joaquin Valley. He has just written a book about Honey as

Medicine.

Title: Honey – The Gourmet Medicine

Author: Joe Traynor

Papercover, 106 pages, attractive color cover with black and white

illustrations inside.

Price: $9.95 single copy (plus $2.55 for postage; $12.50 total)

SPECIAL PRICE FOR EBEEBOOKS: $8.00 each for 2-5 copies, $6.00 for 6 or more

copies. (add $3.00 for postage for two book, then $0.50/book, maximum of $10

in USA)

Contents:

Part 1 Honey as Medicine

Part 2 Honey for Athletes

Part 3 The Joy of Honey La joie du meil

Epilogue

Chapter Notes

Molan’s Mountain (about New Zealand’s Peter Molan, whose ground-braking

reviews on honey made many look at honey in a different way). This is a

summary of Molan’s literature summary on the medical aspects of honey

Other sources and Web Sites

Index

This books fills a vacant niche in the books on bees and honey, dealing with

medical research and claims about honey. Entomologists, like myself, have

often steared away from this subject because of the lack of research and the

medical issues involved. Here is a book which you can sell or give to a honey

customer and let them decide on the merits of the research.

The spirit of the book is captured in the following quote:

“CAUTION. Those that make Honey a regular part of their diet often experience

a feeling of extreme well-being and a feeling that all is right with the

world. Such symptoms are normal and should not be confused with psycic

disorders.”

Order from Wicwas Press

175 Alden Ave

Westville CT 06515

phone and fax 203 397 5091

personal check, money order, Visa or MasterCard accepted.

Bee Happy Reading!

Larry Connor, Ph.D.

Wicwas Press

E-mail: LJConnor@aol.com

[xcii] Address: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

[xciii] Honey has been described in ancient and modern medicine as being effective in the healing of various infected wounds. In this report we present our experience in nine infants with large, open, infected wounds that failed to heal with conventional treatment. Conventional treatment was defined as having failed if after > or = 14 d of intravenous antibiotic and cleaning the wound with chlorhexidine 0.05% W/V in aqueous solution and fusidic acid ointment the wound was still open, oozing pus, and swab cultures were positive. All infants showed marked clinical improvement after 5 d of treatment with topical application of 5-10 ml of fresh unprocessed honey twice daily. The wounds were closed, clean and sterile in all infants after 21 d of honey application. There were no adverse reactions to the treatment. We conclude that honey is useful in the treatment of post-surgical wounds that are infected and do not respond to conventional systemic and local antibiotic treatment.
PMID: 9628301, UI: 98290265.

[xciv] PMIP U.O. Chimica, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Como, Italy.

[xcv] The Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) technique was applied to analyze chlorpropham in potatoes and amitraz in honey. The homogenized sample, suspended in water and stirred, was extracted with a 100 microns thick polidimetylsiloxane fiber and desorbed into the injection port of a gas chromatograph/mass-spectrometer (quadrupole) operating in single ion monitoring. Sensitivities down to 0.01 mg/Kg and linear responses in the range of 0.01-0.1 mg/Kg were obtained. The results of SPME pesticide residue analysis in potatoes corresponded to those obtained with a traditional multiresidue method.

[xcvi] Summary of American findings.

[xcvii] Food Microbiology Laboratory, Cairo, Egypt.

[xcviii] Wahdan, H. A. (1998) – Causes of the antimicrobial activity of honey,
in Infection, 26(1), pp.26-31 (abstract).

The present study was performed to clarify the possible causes of the antimicrobial activity of honey. A sugar solution resembling honey in its high sugar content was made. The antimicrobial activities of both honey and this solution towards 21 types of bacteria and two types of fungi were examined. The results achieved by both were compared. The difference between them indicated the presence of antimicrobial substance(s) in honey. The kinds of antimicrobial substances (inhibines) in honey are discussed. Hydrogen peroxide is not the only inhibine in honey. In fact, inhibines in honey include many other substances. Two important classes of these inhibines are the flavonoids and the phenolic acids. Flavonoids have often been extracted from honey previously. In this study two phenolic acids (caffeic acid and ferulic acid) were extracted from honey for the first time.

[xcix] Effect on Staphylococus aureus– best on temperatures over 60°C and decreasing if temperature is bellow 42°C-No effect was proved by the pH or solubility of the honey.

[c] Address: Teshreen Hospital, Damascus, Syria.

[ci] In this paper, we assess the antiviral properties of honey solutions and thyme extracts at varying concentrations. This was done by testing these solutions in vitro using monkey kidney cell cultures that were infected with the Rubella virus. Our results indicated that honey had good anti-Rubella activity, while thyme did not. These results may justify the continuing use of honey in traditional medicines from different ethnic communities worldwide and in some modern medications such as cough syrups.
PMID: 9395668, UI: 98051851.

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