RHINOVIRUSES
(common cold causing viruses)

Propolis and its substances against Rhinoviruses

Propolis nasal spray against infectious acute rhinitis in children (2017) (Spain)

Benzyl alcohol against rhinoviruses (2016)(Korea)

Effect of dietary supplement containing Brazilian propolis on the common cold (abstract)(2010)(Japan)

Propolis aqueous extract against rhinopharyngitis in children (1995)(Romania)

ADENOVIRUS

Propolis against adenovirus

Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication (1990, Italy)

ROTAVIRUS

Propolis against rotavirus

Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication (1990, Italy)

RUBELLA virus

Effect of honey versus thyme on Rubella virus survival in vitro (1996) (Syria)

General articles

Propolis

Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacities and Enzymatic Inhibitory Activities of Propolis (2020)(Spain)

Propolis blocks the ACE receptors which are important for the penetration of viruses in the cells/vascular system

Propolis as antiviral against COVID-19. Is it effective? (2020) (Egypt)

Structure and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from propolis (2014)(Poland)

Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication (1990, Italy)

Antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral substances from various types of propolis (2017)(Poland)

Immune activation and radioprotection by propolis

Immunomodulatory action of propolis. VI. Influence of a water soluble derivative on complement activity in vitro

Immunomodulatory Properties of Green Propolis

Propolis and the immune system. A review. JM Sforcin (2007)(Brazil)

Propolis induces Ca2+ signaling in immune cells

Quercetin against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (2011) (Korea)

Geopropolis from Scaptotrigona postica as anti herpes virus (2015)(Brazil)

Bee venom and its components as direct and indirect antiviral agent

Melittin, a venom-derived peptide with promising anti-viral properties (2019) (Iran)

Bee Venom – Overview of Main Compounds and Bioactivities for therapeutic interests (2019 (Lebanon, France)

Cytolytic nanoparticles with melittine attenuate HIV-1 infectivity (2013(USA)

Bee venom and its components against viruses (2016) (Korea, Bangladesh)

Melittin against hepatocarcinoma (2015) (China)

Antiviral peptides against influenza viruses (2015) (Slovakia and Czech Republic)

Induction of IFN-γ cytokine response against hepatitis B surface antigen using melittin (2014) (Iran)

Honey and its direct and indirect role against viruses

Bee products against herpes virus (Munstedt Karsten)(2019)

Volatile Compounds in Honey. Christy E. Manyi-Loh et al. (South Africa)(2011)

Canine Distemper Virus

Mexican Propolis and three commercial Flavonoids against Canine Distemper Virus (2018) (Mexico)

Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B

Polysacharides from Pollen against chicken virus (2018) (China)

Viruses (several viruses) 

Melittin, a venom-derived peptide with promising anti-viral properties (2019) (Iran)

Inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses (2016) (Korea)

Bee pollen against inflammation

Cysteine against HIV and inflammation (1991) (Germany)

Beta-carotene against inflammation (2005) (Korea)

Immune System and Beehive Products

Immune System and Propolis

Immunomodulation potentials of propolis (2019) (Saudi Arabia)

Wound healing. Time to look for intelligent approaches (2017) (France)

Immunomodulatory Properties of Green Propolis (2014) (Brazil)

Immune activation and radioprotection by propolis (2005) (Japan)

Immunomodulatory action of propolis. VI. Influence of a water soluble derivative on complement activity in vitro (1995) (Bulgaria)

Efficiency of Propolis and N-a cetylcisteine on Reductionin Symptom Severity of Respiratory Infection in Children with Adenoid Hypertrophy

Immune System and Bee Pollen

Bee Pollen. Chemical Composition and Therapeutic Application (2015 (Poland)

Pine Pollen against viruses

Therapeutic Potential of Brassinosteroids in Biomedical and Clinical Research (2020)(India, China, Italy)

Immune system and Honey

Effect of honey on antibody production (2004) (Dubai)

Melittin against a broad spectrum of viruses 

Melittin: a venom-derived peptide with promising anti-viral properties – Hamed Memariani, Mojtaba Memariani,  Hamideh Moravvej & Mohammad Shahidi-Dadras, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases volume 39, pages5–17(2020)

Chemical substances against viruses

Alcohol

Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection ((2018) (Germany)

Note from the editor:
Most of the propolis tinctures from the market are made with alcohol from 70 to 96%.

Their use in the form of pharyngeal (throat) spray and nebulization (after dilution with honey which is acidic and enriched with essential oils that have a broad antiviral spectrum, see above) is therefore recommended.

Even if the viruses are not completely destroyed (because the concentration of alcohol on the respiratory mucosas is lower than the one from the laboratory tests), the fact that they may be damaged in their structure and/or have their virulence decreased, may be very useful at least from the preventative point of view.

Organic acids against thrombosis (as fibrinolytic agents)
Several Beehive products (honey, honeydew honey, honey vinegar, bee pollen, bee bread, propolis and royal jelly contain also many different types of organic acids)

Organic acids for thrombus disease management. (2015) (China)

Essential oils

Antiviral essential oils (2020) (Algeria)

Co-morbidities, Co-infections and beehive products

Role of Propolis

Emerging Roles of Propolis Antioxidant, Cardioprotective, and Antiangiogenic Actions (2013)(Brazil)

Antiviral Medicinal Bee Plants and their extracts

Antiviral essential oils (2020) (Algeria)

Nigella sativa (black cumin) and honey against COVID-19 (2020)(Saudi Arabia, Egypt)

Nigella sativa compounds against Covid-19 (2020)(Algeria)

Nigella sativa, Anthemis hyalina and Citrus sinensis against coronavirus (2014) (Turkey)

Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties (2009)(Switzerland)

Houttuynia cordata and quercetin against viruses (2016, Singapore)

Polyphenols from Broussonetia papyrifera as coronavirus protease inhibitors

The potential chemical structure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

The potential chemical structure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Torreya nucifera, apigenine, luteoline and quercetine against SARS virus (2010)(Korea)

Withanone and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester against SARS CoV 2 (2020) (India, Japan)

Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment